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INF > VACCINES, TEL > Flashcards

VACCINES, TEL Flashcards

1
Q

TOP 2 MOST EFFECTIVE PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN THE WORLD FOR SAVING LIVES AND PROMOTING GOOD HEALTH?

A

1) CLEAN WATER

2) VACCINATION

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2
Q

IMMUNISATION PREVENTS HOW MANY DEATHS PER YEAR?

A

2-3 MIL

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3
Q

THE MOST WIDESPREAD VIRUS OF THE CENTURY?

A

CORONAVIRUS

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4
Q

SOME OF THE EXPLANATION WHY COVID IS ABLE TO SPREAD SO QUICKLY?

A
  • ISN’T AS LETHAL AS SOME OTHER VIRUSES, MEANING IT CAN SPREAD QUICKLY AND EXTENSIVELY AS MOST OF ITS HOSTS LIVE TO TRANSMIT THE VIRUS TO ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL
  • ASYMPTOMATIC HOSTS UNKNOWINGLY INFECT OTHERS
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5
Q

WHO WAS EDWARD JENNER?

A

a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first ever vaccine (18/19 CENTURY)

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6
Q

THE ANDREW WAKEFIELD SCANDAL?

A
  • ONE OF THE BIGGEST CASES OF MEDICAL FRAUD
  • 1998 JOURNAL ARTICLE BY A.W. LINKED MMR VACCINE TO AUTISM
  • UNCONTROLLED DESIGN, UNETHICAL, HIGHLY SPECULATIVE
  • DELIBERATE FRAUD, A.W. LOST HIS MEDICAL LICENCE
  • MMR VACCINATION RATES DROPPED, THE FRAUD STILL BEARS REPERCUSSIONS TODAY
  • THE ARTICLE RETRACTED IN 2010 BY THE LANCET
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7
Q

UP TO WHAT % OF PEOPLE IN ENGLAND ENDORSE SOME CONSPIRACY THEORIES?

A

40%

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8
Q

HERD IMMUNITY?

A

THE RESISTANCE OF A GROUP TO ATTACK BY A DISEASE TO WHICH A LARGE ENOUGH PROPORTION OF THE MEMBERS ARE IMMUNE

  • PROVIDES INDIRECT PROTECTION OF UNVACCINATED AS WELL AS VACCINATED INDIVIDUALS
  • DISEASE CAN THEREFORE BE ERADICATED EVEN IF SOME INDIVIDUALS REMAIN SUSCEPTIBLE
  • ONLY APPLIES TO COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
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9
Q

VACCINE HESITANCY?

A

THE DELAY IN ACCEPTANCE OR REFUSAL OF VACCINATION DESPITE AVAILABILITY OF VACCINATION SERVICES
(RANGES FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE PRO VACCINATION BUT DELAYING THEIR VACCINATION, INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE NOT DECIDED, TO THOSE WHO OUTRIGHT REFUSE VACCINATION)
- COMPLEX AND CONTEXT SPECIFIC, VARYING ACROSS TIME, PLACE AND VACCINES

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10
Q

VACCINE HESITANCY IS ONE OF THE TOP HOW MANY THREATS TO PH?

A

TOP 10

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11
Q

THE 3 Cs MODEL OF VACCINE HESITANCY?

A

OUTLINES 3 BROAD CATEGORIES OF FACTORS THAT LEAD TO HESITANCY: COMPLACENCY (LOW PERCEIVED RISK OF VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES, VACCINATION NOT DEEMED NECESSARY, OTHER LIFE/HEALTH ISSUES ARE A GREATER PRIORITY)
CONFIDENCE (LOW LEVELS OF TRUST IN VACCINES, DELIVERY SYSTEM AND HEALTH AUTHORITIES)
CONVENIENCE (BARRIERS RELATED TO GEOGRAPHIC ACCESSIBILITY, AVAILABILITY, AFFORDABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SERVICES)

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12
Q

OMISSION BIAS?

A

HUMAN TENDENCY TO REACT MORE STRONGLY TO HARMFUL ACTIONS THAN TO HARMFUL INACTIONS

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13
Q

SOME REASONS FOR COVID VACCINE HESITANCY?

A
  • DISCOMFORT AT THE SPEED AT WHICH THE VACCINE WAS DEVELOPED
  • DISTRUST OF GOVERNMENT
  • INSUFFICIENT DATA ON THE VACCINE’S SAFETY OR EFFECTIVENESS OR LONG-TERM EFFECTS
  • DISBELIEF THAT THE VACCINE WOULD PROTECT THEM
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14
Q

THE MAIN UNDERLYING FACTOR IN VACCINE HESITANCY WORLDWIDE?

A

A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF THE CRUCIAL NEED FOR VACCINATION

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15
Q

WHAT ARE FEAR APPEALS?

A

PERSUASIVE MESSAGES THAT ATTEMPT TO AROUSE FEAR BY EMPHASIZING THE POTENTIAL DANGER AND HARM THAT WILL BEFALL INDIVIDUALS

  • NOT ALWAYS EFFECTIVE IN CHANGING PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES OR INTERNAL MOTIVATION TOWARDS A BEHAVIOUR
  • UNETHICAL?
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16
Q

THE TRI-RISK MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING AND INTERVENING TO INCREASE UPTAKE WHERE VACCINES ARE AVAILABLE AND ACCESSIBLE?

A

1) RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT RISK BELIEFS AND ANTICIPATED REGRET ABOUT INFECTIOUS DISEASE CORRELATE RELIABLY WITH WHETHER INDIVIDUALS GET VACCINATED
2) SOCIAL PROCESSES CAN MOTIVATE TO GET VACCINATED, AS HUMANS ARE SOCIAL BEING AND GENERALLY INFLUENCED BY PERCEIVED NORMATIVE BEHAVIOUR
3) AFFECTIVE RISK, WHICH INCLUDES WORRY, ANXIETY AND FEAR; THESE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS CAN SPUR PEOPLE TO GET VACCINATED (FEAR OR WORRY CAN MOTIVATE VACCINE UPTAKE)

17
Q

FREEMAN ET AL 2021 RCT IN THE UK REGARDING VACCINES (COVID 19)?

A
  • 15 000 UK ADULTS
  • CLASSIFIED IN ONE OF THE 3 GROUPS: VACCINE WILLING, DOUBTFUL AND STRONGLY HESITANT
  • EACH GROUP RECEIVED A DIFF TYPE OF PROMOTIONAL MESSAGE (THE STANDARD NHS MESSAGE; CONTROL GROUP, A MESSAGE EMPHASIZING COLLECTIVE BENEFITS OF VACCINATION, A MESSAGE EMPHASIZING PERSONAL BENEFITS OF VACCINATION
  • IN STRONGLY HESITANT GROUP, COVID 19 HESITANCY WAS REDUCED BY PERSONAL BENEFIT INFO
  • -> THOSE WHO ARE STRONGLY VACCINE HESISTANT ARE MORE LIKELY TO FEEL EXCLUDED FROM THE WIDER PUBLIC AND THUS DO NOT RESPOND WELL TO COLLECTIVE BENEFITS MESSAGES
18
Q

HEALTH INEQUITIES?

A

DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH STATUS OR IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH RESOURCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS, ARISING FROM THE SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE BORN, GROW, LIVE, WORK AND AGE (WHO, 2018 DEFINITION)
- UNFAIR AND COULD BE MINIMISED BY POLICY

19
Q

COVID VACCINE INEQUALITIES; FACTS AND FIGURES? WHO IS TO BLAME?

A
  • DISPROPORTIONATE ACCESS TO COVID VACCINES, LARGELY DUE TO TO FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL INEQUALITIES
  • WEALTHY COUNTRIES WITH 14% OF THE WORLD POPULATION BOUGHT UP 53% OF THE EIGHT MOST PROMISING VACCINES BY MAY 2021 (THIS TYPE OF OUTCOMPETITION FOR HEALTH RESOURCES ALSO HAPPENED DURING 2009 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC)
  • HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HOARDED VACCINES BEYOND THEIR REQUIREMENT (SOME BOUGHT TRIPLE WHAT THEY NEEDED, WHILE LOW INCOME COUNTRIES STRUGGLED TO SUPPLY ENOUGH FOR THE ENTIRE POPULATION —> THIS PERSISTED THROUGH TO THE END OF 2021)
  • NOT A RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES BUT MORE THE GOVERNMENTS AND SOME CITIZENS OF WEALTHY COUNTRIES WHO HAVE PLAYED PIVOTAL ROLES IN HOW THE PHARMA INDUSTRY OPERATES
  • THE SECTOR DESIGNED IN A WAY THAT, IF A COMPANY WANTS TO SERVE GLOBAL INTERESTS, THEY MUST ACT AGAINST THEIR OWN FINANCIAL INTERESTS
  • LED TO THE MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES STOCKPILING VACCINES THEY HAD NOT YET APPROVED (US WITH ASTRA-Z) OR PURCHASING MORE DOSES THAN THEY COULD ADMINISTER BEFORE THEY EXPIRE
20
Q

DYER (2020) PREDICTION FOR VACCINATION IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES?

A
  • PREDICTED THAT 90% OF PEOPLE IN 67 LOW INCOME COUNTRIES WOULDN’T BE VACCINATED IN 2021
  • PREDICTED THAT MOST POORER POPULATIONS WOULDN’T GAIN HERD IMMUNITY IN 2022
21
Q

NUMBERS DESCRIBING HOW THE EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF VACCINES IN THE COVID PANDEMIC COULD HAVE SAVED MORE LIVES?

A

61% OF DEATHS COULD HAVE BEEN AVERTED IF THE VACCINE WAS DISTRIBUTED TO ALL COUNTRIES PROPORTIONAL TO POPULATION
(WHILE ONLY 33% OF THE DEATHS WOULD BE AVERTED IF HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES GOT THE VACCINES FIRST)

22
Q

% OF COVID VACCINATIONS ADMINISTERED IN AFRICA UNTIL MAY 2021?

A

1%

23
Q

WHAT IS THE COVAX SCHEME?

A
  • THE COVID-19 VACCINE GLOBAL ACCESS FACILITY
  • PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN GAVI (THE VACCINE ALLIANCE), THE COALITION OF EPIDEMIC PREPAREDNESS INNOVATIONS (CEPI) AND THE WHO
  • PROGRAMME THAT AIMED TO CONTRIBUTE TO EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES WORLDWIDE UPON CONCERNS OF MIDDLE AND LOW INCOME COUNTRIES THAT THEY WOULDN’T HAVE EQUITABLE ACCESS TO VACCINES
  • HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES, COMPANIES AND PHILANTHROPIC ORGANISATIONS WOULD COVER THE COST FOR THE 92 POOREST COUNTRIES
  • OFFERS DOSES FOR AT LEAST 20% OF COUNTRIES’ POPULATIONS
24
Q

IT IS PROJECTED THAT HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES WOULD STOCKPILE HOW MANY UNUSED VACCINES BY FEB 2022?

A

1 BILLION

25
Q

THREATS TO COVAX’S SUCCESS?

A
  • HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HOARDED DOSES OF THE VACCINE BUT DIDN’T ACCELERATE DONATING PARTS OF THE STOCK TO THE COVAX PROGRAMME (1.2 BIL DOSES EXPECTED 150 MIL RECEIVED)
  • COVAX LACKED FINANCIAL RESOURCE TO COMPETE WITH WEALTHY COUNTRIES THAT MONOPOLISED THE MARKET BY AGREEING THE PURCHASE DEALS EARLY WITH VACCINE MAKERS
  • THE AVAILABILITY OF THE VACCINE IN INDIVIDUAL’S COUNTRY RELIES ON POLITICAL FACTORS; MACROSOCIAL FACTOR, DISTAL FROM ONE’S CONTROL
26
Q

ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM?

A

DISMISSAL OF VERITABLE, SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE, ESP IN LIGHT OF LACK OF IDEOLOGICAL COMMON INTERESTS

27
Q

WHAT IS THE CURRENT WESTERN HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY?

A

TOXIC MASCULINITY

INF (40 decks)

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