FACE COVERINGS Flashcards
3 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEAHVIOUR? (AJZEN, 1991)
PERSONAL ATTITUDE (CONSISTING OF OUTCOME BELIEFS + OUTCOME EVALUATIONS) SUBJECTIVE NORMS (CONSISTING FROM NORMATIVE BELIEFS + MOTIVATION TO COMPLY) PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL (CONSISTING OF SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS + PERCEIVED EXTERNAL BARRIERS)
SIMPLIFIED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (AJZEN, 1991)?
PERSONAL ATTITUDE + SUBJECTIVE NORMS + PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL —-> ALL INFLUENCE INTENTION —-> INFLUENCES THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIOUR
WHICH COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (AJZEN, 1991) IS THE ONLY ONE INFLUENCING LIKELIHOOD OF A BEHAVIOR DIRECTLY (RATHER THAN JUST THROUGH INFLUENCING INTENTION)?
PERCEIVED EXTERNAL BARRIERS
DESCRIBE THE ‘PERSONAL ATTITUDES’ AS A COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (TPB)?
- SUM OF ALL OUR KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PREJUDICES.. (POSITIVE + NEGATIVE) WHEN WE CONSIDER A BEHAVIOUR
DESCRIBE THE ‘SUBJECTIVE NORMS’ AS A COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB)?
- CONSIDERS HOW WE VIEW IDEAS OF OTHER PEOPLE ABOUT THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR
- E.G. ATTITUDE OF FAMILY, FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES
- NOT WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK BUT OUR PERCEPTION OF THEIR ATTITUDES
DESCRIBE THE ‘PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL’ AS A COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB)?
- THE EXTENT TO WHICH WE BELIEVE WE CAN CONTROL OUR BEHAVIOUR
- DEPENDS ON OUR PERCEPTION OF INTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS OUR OWN ABILITY AND DETERMINATION AND EXTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS THE
RESOURCES AND SUPPORT AVAILABLE TO US - HAS TO EFFECTS; 1) EFFECTS OUR INTENTION; THE MORE CONTROL WE THINK WE HAVE OVER A BEHAVIOUR, THE STRONGER OUR INTENTION TO PERFORM IT 2) AFFECTS OUR BEHAVIOUR DIRECTLY; IF WE PERCEIVE WE HAVE MORE CONTROL WE’LL TRY LONGER AND HARDER TO SUCCEED
HOW DOES THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE WE ARE SURROUNDED BY PERFORMING A CERTAIN BEHAVIOUR INFLUENCE OUR PERCEPTION OF A BEHAVIOUR?
IF AN INDIVIDUAL DOESN’T OBSERVE OR NOTICE MANY AROUND THEM ENGAGING IN A BEHAVIOUR, THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO PERCEIVE IT AS A NORMATIVE BEHAVIOR AND BE LESS MOTIVATED TO COMPLY —> THIS CHANGES THEIR SENSE OF SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND RENDERS THEM LESS LIKELY TO PERFORM A BEHAVIOR
MEDICAL MASK; DEFINITION?
A DEVICE THAT MEETS PARTICULAR STANDARDS AND IS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS (BUT MAY ALSO BE RECOMMENDED FOR THE PUBLIC)
FACE COVERING; DEFINITION?
REFERS TO ANYTHING THAT COVERS THE FACE, INCLUDING HOMEMADE OR COMMERCIALLY SOLD COVERINGS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR THE PUBLIC (TYPICALLY MADE FROM CLOTH, BUT SOMETIMES PAPER AND OTHER MATERIALS)
MASS-MASKING?
WEARING FACE COVERS (COLLOQUIALLY ‘MASK WEARING’) BY INDIVIDUALS IN THE COMMUNITY
MASS MASKING CAN REDUCE TRANSMISSION BY %?
53%
HOW DOES MASS-MASKING ACT AS AN INFECTION CONTROL TOOL?
IT IS EITHER A PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) TO PROTECT THE WEARER OR A MEANS OF SOURCE CONTROL (TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF ILLNESS)
—- public health measure designed to reduce transmission of respiratory infections by capturing respiratory droplets from the wearer who may be asymptomatic and thus unaware they are infectious
LOUD TALKING COULD LEAVE CORONAVIRUS IN THE AIR FOR UP TO?
14 MINS
PREVENTION PARADOX?
INTERVENTIONS THAT BRING MODERATE BENEFITS TO INDIVIDUALS BUT HAVE LARGE POPULATION BENEFITS (E.G. MASS MASKING, SEATBELT WEARING..)
TRUE MEDICAL EXEMPTIONS OF WEARING A FACE COVERING?
- AGE-RELATED REASONS
- HEALTH OR DISABILITY REASON
- INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS (E.G. SOME INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM MAY FIND MASK WEARING PROFOUNDLY DISTRESSING)
- INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 2
EXAMPLE OF AREA WHERE FACE COVERINGS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED BEFORE THE COVID PANDEMIC?
EAST ASIA
POSSIBLE REASONS FOR SOME AREAS (E.G. EAST ASIA) IMPLEMENTING USE OF FACE COVERINGS EVEN BEFORE THE COVID PANDEMIC?
- PAST EXPERIENCE WITH RESPIRATORY VIRUS PANDEMICS
- A CIVIC MINDSET, CULTURAL EMPHASIS ON INTERDEPENDENCE INSTEAD OF INDEPENDENCE (TRAIT OF COLLECTIVIST CULTURES)
- CONCERNS ABOUT AIR POLLUTION
INDIVIDUALISM?
REFERS TO THE DOMINANT VALUES IN A SOCIETY WHERE PEOPLE ARE LOOSELY CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER AND WHERE THE EXPECTATION IS TO ONESELF AND ONE’S IMMEDIATE FAMILY ONLY
BRICKER (2020) FOUND THAT ROUGH %? OF THOSE IN CANADA, FRANCE, GERMANY AND THE UK WEAR A FACE COVERS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM COVID, COMPARED TO MORE THAN %? IN CHINA, INDIA, JAPAN AND VIETNAM.
35% COMPARED TO 75%
WHAT WAS THE FIRST COUNTRY TO INSTIL COMPULSORY FACE MASK POLICIES FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE IN PUBLIC?
CHINA
COLLECTIVIST VS INDIVIDUALIST VALUES: WHICH ONES REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION RATE OF COVID MORE (THUS LEADING TO LOWER MORTALITY RATES)?
COLLECTIVIST (RESPOND QUICKER TO HEALTH CRISIS IN GENERAL)
OPTIMISM BIAS?
- AKA ‘THE ILLUSION OF INVULNERABILITY’
- THE HUMAN BRAIN HAS AN INNATE BIAS THAT CONFERS A MISTAKEN BELIEF THAT OUR CHANCES OF EXPERIENCING NEGATIVE EVENTS ARE LOWER AND OUR CHANCES OF EXPERIENCING POSITIVE EVENTS ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE OF OUR PEERS
- COULD BE AN EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION FOR PURSUIT OF ONE’S OWN GOALS, BETTER SELF-ESTEEM, LOWER STRESS LEVELS, AND BETTER OVERALL WELL-BEING
- CAN LEAD TO POOR DECISION MAKING WITH SOMETIMES HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES
OTHER NAME FOR OPTIMISM BIAS?
THE ILLUSION OF INVULNERABILITY
PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE? (PR)
THE UNPLEASANT AROUSAL THAT AN INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES WHEN ASKED TO FOLLOW ORDERS THAT THEY BELIEVE TO INFRINGE ON THEIR PERSONAL CHOICES AND AUTONOMY
- PEOPLE WITH HIGH PR TYPICALLY REACT TO ATTEMPTS AT PERSUASION WITH HOSTILITY AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS (SOMETIMES ILLOGICAL OR UNSCIENTIFIC), BELIEVING THAT THEY ARE PROTECTING THEIR FREEDOM AND AUTONOMY
GENDER DIFFERENCES REGARDING FACE COVERING PERCEPTIONS AND COMPLIANCE?
- NO GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTENTIONS TO WEAR FACE COVERS
- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MASK PERCEPTION; MEN TEND TO PERCEIVE THEM TO INFRINGE THEIR PERSONAL FREEDOM AND WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO FIND THEM UNCOMFORTABLE
RECKLESS TRANSMISSION?
Reckless Transmission is when someone did not try to prevent HIV from being transmitted. It does not mean that they did it deliberately. The law is broken if: someone knows that they are HIV positive when they have sex. and they understand how HIV is transmitted, but have not informed their partner which resulted in the partner contracting HIV
WHAT IS HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY?
- THE IDEAL CONCEPT OF BEING A MAN, VARIES ACROSS TIME AND CULTURE
- THE DOMINANT MASCULINITY THAT CAN EXERT SOCIAL POWER AND DOMINANCE OVER OTHER MASCULINITIES (E.G. EFFAMINATE, INTROVERTED OR GAY MEN) AND WOMEN BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE SOCIALISED TO VALUE THOSE ASPECTS OF MEN
CURRENT HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY IS OFTEN TERMED?
TOXIC MASCULINITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOXIC MASCULINITY? HOW DOES THIS APPLY TO COVID?
MEN EXPECTED TO BE PHYSICALLY STRONG, VIRILE AND INVULNERABLE (THUS SHOULD WITHSTAND COVID NATURALLY WITHOUT AIDS OF E.G. FACE COVERINGS WHICH CAN BE PERCEIVED AS A SYMBOL OF WEAKNESS)
DIFFERENCE IN HEART RATE AND OXYGEN SATURATION BETWEEN PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN WEARING N95 RESPIRATORS (MASKS) FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME?
NONE! (NO EVIDENCE OF DIFFERENCE)
HEALTH LITERACY?
THE COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL SKILLS WHICH DETERMINE THE MOTIVATION AND ABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO GAIN ACCESS TO, UNDERSTAND AND USE INFO IN WAYS WHICH PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN GOOD HEALTH
(EHEALTH LITERACY; REFERS TO THE SAME PHENOMENON IN RELATION TO ONLINE INFO)
HOW DOES SOCIAL MEDIA NEGATIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO CONSPIRACY THEORIES, ESP AMONG PEOPLE OF LOW HEALTH LITERACY?
- ENABLES CONSPIRACY THEORIES TO BE WIDELY CIRCULATED AND MAKE THIS INFO APPEAR MORE NORMALISED AND WIDELY ACCEPTED + REGULARLY CIRCULATED
- -> INCREASED FAMILIARITY OF A STIMULI (INCLUDING INFORMATION) INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF ITS ACCEPTANCE)
ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM?
THE GENERALISED DISTRUST IN EXPERTS AND INTELLECTUALS; PEOPLE TEND TO BE PERSUADED BY SPEAKERS THEY PERCEIVED TO BE KNOWLEDGEABLE (I.E. EXPERTS), BUT ONLY WHEN THEY PERCEIVE THE EXISTENCE OF COMMON INTERESTS FROM THOSE EXPERTS—> AS A RESULT, THEY ARE LESS AMENABLE TO EXPERT MESSAGES, EVEN IN TIMES OF CRISIS
‘OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS/EVALUATIONS’ IS A KEY CONSTRUCT THAT PREDICTS BEHAVIOR ACCORDING TO WHICH MODEL?
SOCIAL COGNITION MODEL
WHAT IS EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING?
refers to attitude formation (or change) due to an object’s pairing with positively or negatively valenced stimuli
(e.g. eliciting positive attitudes towards masks by designing and marketing them by companies or popular brands, social marketing campaigns, seeing masks use in public…)
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT EDUCATION ON PROPER MASK WEARING?
- TECHNIQUES FOR WEARING, REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF FACE MASKS WORRYING FOR THE AUTHORITIES (TO ENSURE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS); BUT THESE TECHNIQUES CAN BE LEARNED THROUGH PUBLIC EDUCATION (GLOBAL PROMOTIONAL CAMPAIGNS EXIST)
- HOWEVER, HAVE TO BE CAREFUL NOT TO MAKE THE TASK OF USING A MASK SEEM COMPLICATED, BECAUSE IT COULD MAKE IMPLEMENTATION EVEN MORE DIFFICULT
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY NEEDS TO CONSIDER TRADE OFF BETWEEN WHICH TWO ASPECTS WHEN THINKING ABOUT MASK WEARING?
EFFICACY AND COMPLIANCE (A MORE EFFECTIVE FACE COVERING ISN’T VERY USEFUL IF ONLY WORN BY A SMALL % OF THE POPULATION)
WHICH ASPECTS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED FOR IMPLEMENTING FACE COVERINGS?
- DIFFERENT APPROACHES (TYPE OF FACE COVERING, MATERIAL, WHEN/WHERE IS IT USED..)
- ECONOMIC FACTORS (MASK AVAILABILITY)
- ACCEPTABILITY (BY THE PUBLIC)
