FACE COVERINGS Flashcards
3 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEAHVIOUR? (AJZEN, 1991)
PERSONAL ATTITUDE (CONSISTING OF OUTCOME BELIEFS + OUTCOME EVALUATIONS) SUBJECTIVE NORMS (CONSISTING FROM NORMATIVE BELIEFS + MOTIVATION TO COMPLY) PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL (CONSISTING OF SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS + PERCEIVED EXTERNAL BARRIERS)
SIMPLIFIED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (AJZEN, 1991)?
PERSONAL ATTITUDE + SUBJECTIVE NORMS + PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL —-> ALL INFLUENCE INTENTION —-> INFLUENCES THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIOUR
WHICH COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (AJZEN, 1991) IS THE ONLY ONE INFLUENCING LIKELIHOOD OF A BEHAVIOR DIRECTLY (RATHER THAN JUST THROUGH INFLUENCING INTENTION)?
PERCEIVED EXTERNAL BARRIERS
DESCRIBE THE ‘PERSONAL ATTITUDES’ AS A COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (TPB)?
- SUM OF ALL OUR KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PREJUDICES.. (POSITIVE + NEGATIVE) WHEN WE CONSIDER A BEHAVIOUR
DESCRIBE THE ‘SUBJECTIVE NORMS’ AS A COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB)?
- CONSIDERS HOW WE VIEW IDEAS OF OTHER PEOPLE ABOUT THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR
- E.G. ATTITUDE OF FAMILY, FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES
- NOT WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK BUT OUR PERCEPTION OF THEIR ATTITUDES
DESCRIBE THE ‘PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL’ AS A COMPONENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB)?
- THE EXTENT TO WHICH WE BELIEVE WE CAN CONTROL OUR BEHAVIOUR
- DEPENDS ON OUR PERCEPTION OF INTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS OUR OWN ABILITY AND DETERMINATION AND EXTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS THE
RESOURCES AND SUPPORT AVAILABLE TO US - HAS TO EFFECTS; 1) EFFECTS OUR INTENTION; THE MORE CONTROL WE THINK WE HAVE OVER A BEHAVIOUR, THE STRONGER OUR INTENTION TO PERFORM IT 2) AFFECTS OUR BEHAVIOUR DIRECTLY; IF WE PERCEIVE WE HAVE MORE CONTROL WE’LL TRY LONGER AND HARDER TO SUCCEED
HOW DOES THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE WE ARE SURROUNDED BY PERFORMING A CERTAIN BEHAVIOUR INFLUENCE OUR PERCEPTION OF A BEHAVIOUR?
IF AN INDIVIDUAL DOESN’T OBSERVE OR NOTICE MANY AROUND THEM ENGAGING IN A BEHAVIOUR, THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO PERCEIVE IT AS A NORMATIVE BEHAVIOR AND BE LESS MOTIVATED TO COMPLY —> THIS CHANGES THEIR SENSE OF SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND RENDERS THEM LESS LIKELY TO PERFORM A BEHAVIOR
MEDICAL MASK; DEFINITION?
A DEVICE THAT MEETS PARTICULAR STANDARDS AND IS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS (BUT MAY ALSO BE RECOMMENDED FOR THE PUBLIC)
FACE COVERING; DEFINITION?
REFERS TO ANYTHING THAT COVERS THE FACE, INCLUDING HOMEMADE OR COMMERCIALLY SOLD COVERINGS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR THE PUBLIC (TYPICALLY MADE FROM CLOTH, BUT SOMETIMES PAPER AND OTHER MATERIALS)
MASS-MASKING?
WEARING FACE COVERS (COLLOQUIALLY ‘MASK WEARING’) BY INDIVIDUALS IN THE COMMUNITY
MASS MASKING CAN REDUCE TRANSMISSION BY %?
53%
HOW DOES MASS-MASKING ACT AS AN INFECTION CONTROL TOOL?
IT IS EITHER A PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) TO PROTECT THE WEARER OR A MEANS OF SOURCE CONTROL (TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF ILLNESS)
—- public health measure designed to reduce transmission of respiratory infections by capturing respiratory droplets from the wearer who may be asymptomatic and thus unaware they are infectious
LOUD TALKING COULD LEAVE CORONAVIRUS IN THE AIR FOR UP TO?
14 MINS
PREVENTION PARADOX?
INTERVENTIONS THAT BRING MODERATE BENEFITS TO INDIVIDUALS BUT HAVE LARGE POPULATION BENEFITS (E.G. MASS MASKING, SEATBELT WEARING..)
TRUE MEDICAL EXEMPTIONS OF WEARING A FACE COVERING?
- AGE-RELATED REASONS
- HEALTH OR DISABILITY REASON
- INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS (E.G. SOME INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM MAY FIND MASK WEARING PROFOUNDLY DISTRESSING)
- INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 2
EXAMPLE OF AREA WHERE FACE COVERINGS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED BEFORE THE COVID PANDEMIC?
EAST ASIA
POSSIBLE REASONS FOR SOME AREAS (E.G. EAST ASIA) IMPLEMENTING USE OF FACE COVERINGS EVEN BEFORE THE COVID PANDEMIC?
- PAST EXPERIENCE WITH RESPIRATORY VIRUS PANDEMICS
- A CIVIC MINDSET, CULTURAL EMPHASIS ON INTERDEPENDENCE INSTEAD OF INDEPENDENCE (TRAIT OF COLLECTIVIST CULTURES)
- CONCERNS ABOUT AIR POLLUTION
INDIVIDUALISM?
REFERS TO THE DOMINANT VALUES IN A SOCIETY WHERE PEOPLE ARE LOOSELY CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER AND WHERE THE EXPECTATION IS TO ONESELF AND ONE’S IMMEDIATE FAMILY ONLY
BRICKER (2020) FOUND THAT ROUGH %? OF THOSE IN CANADA, FRANCE, GERMANY AND THE UK WEAR A FACE COVERS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM COVID, COMPARED TO MORE THAN %? IN CHINA, INDIA, JAPAN AND VIETNAM.
35% COMPARED TO 75%
WHAT WAS THE FIRST COUNTRY TO INSTIL COMPULSORY FACE MASK POLICIES FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE IN PUBLIC?
CHINA
COLLECTIVIST VS INDIVIDUALIST VALUES: WHICH ONES REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION RATE OF COVID MORE (THUS LEADING TO LOWER MORTALITY RATES)?
COLLECTIVIST (RESPOND QUICKER TO HEALTH CRISIS IN GENERAL)
OPTIMISM BIAS?
- AKA ‘THE ILLUSION OF INVULNERABILITY’
- THE HUMAN BRAIN HAS AN INNATE BIAS THAT CONFERS A MISTAKEN BELIEF THAT OUR CHANCES OF EXPERIENCING NEGATIVE EVENTS ARE LOWER AND OUR CHANCES OF EXPERIENCING POSITIVE EVENTS ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE OF OUR PEERS
- COULD BE AN EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION FOR PURSUIT OF ONE’S OWN GOALS, BETTER SELF-ESTEEM, LOWER STRESS LEVELS, AND BETTER OVERALL WELL-BEING
- CAN LEAD TO POOR DECISION MAKING WITH SOMETIMES HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES
OTHER NAME FOR OPTIMISM BIAS?
THE ILLUSION OF INVULNERABILITY
PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE? (PR)
THE UNPLEASANT AROUSAL THAT AN INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES WHEN ASKED TO FOLLOW ORDERS THAT THEY BELIEVE TO INFRINGE ON THEIR PERSONAL CHOICES AND AUTONOMY
- PEOPLE WITH HIGH PR TYPICALLY REACT TO ATTEMPTS AT PERSUASION WITH HOSTILITY AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS (SOMETIMES ILLOGICAL OR UNSCIENTIFIC), BELIEVING THAT THEY ARE PROTECTING THEIR FREEDOM AND AUTONOMY
