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INF > INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA Flashcards

1
Q

LIFE DOMAINS?

A

PROKARYOTES (BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA) AND EUKARYOTES

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2
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES?

A

PRO ARE SINGLE CELL ORGANISMS, HAVE NO NUCLEI, ARE USUALLY SMALLER AND HAVE NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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3
Q

PROK. AND EUKARYOTES COMMON FEATURES?

A
  • DNA
  • PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • CYTOPLASM
  • RIBOSOMES
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4
Q

APPROX HOW MANY TYPES OF BACTERIA EXIST IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

500-1000

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5
Q

2 MAIN BACTERIAL CELL SHAPES?

A

COCCI (ROUND)

BACILLI (RODS)

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6
Q

STREPTOCOCCI/STREPTOBACCILI ARE ARRANGED IN A?

A

LINE

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7
Q

DESCRIBE STAPHLYOCOCCI STRUCTURE?

A

GRAPE LIKE

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8
Q

WHAT IS A BACTERIAL COLONY?

A

A GROUP OF BACTERIA DERIVED FROM THE SAME MOTHER CELL (GENETICALLY IDENTICAL CELLS)

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9
Q

ELECTRIC NOSES?

A

COULD BE A TOOL IN DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC IN THE FUTURE BY DISTINGUISHING BACTERIA TYPE BASED ON ITS UNIQUE SMELL

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10
Q

WHO DISCOVERED BACTERIA COULD BE GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE AND WHEN?

A

H. GRAM, 1884

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11
Q

COLOR OF G+ VS G- BACTERIA AFTER GRAM STAINING?

A

G+ ARE VIOLET/PURPLISH

G- ARE RED/PINKISH

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12
Q

WHY DO G+ BACTERIA HAVE VIOLET COLOURING (COMPARED TO PALER, RED/PINKISH COLOURING) OG G- BACTERIA AFTER GRAM STAINING?

A

BECAUSE THEY HAVE A THICKER PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER THAT CAN RETAIN THE DYE

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13
Q

DO G+ OR G- BACTERIA HAVE AN OUTER LIPID MEMBRANE?

A

G-

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14
Q

TEICHOIC AND LIPOTEICHOIC ACIDS ARE PRESENT ON G+ OR G- BACTERIA?

A

G+

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15
Q

ARE O-SPECIFIC SIDE CHAINS PRESENT ON G+ OR G- BACTERIA?

A

G-

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16
Q

G- BACTERIA INCLUDE:

A
  • ENTEROCOCCI
  • SALMONELLA SPECIES
  • PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES
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17
Q

G+ BACTERIA INCLUDE:

A
  • STAPHYLOCOCCI
  • ALL STREPTOCOCCI
  • SOME LISTERIA SPECIES
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18
Q

NAME FOR BACTERIA THAT USE LIGHT AS THEIR ENERGY SOURCE?

A

PHOTOTROPHS

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19
Q

NAME FOR BACTERIA THAT HAVE CHEMICAL ENERGY SOURCE?

A

CHEMOTROPHS

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20
Q

BACTERIA TYPES BY OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS?

A
  • OBLIGATE AEROBES
  • OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
  • FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
  • AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES (INDIFFERENT TO O2 PRESENCE)
  • MICROAEROPHILES (REQUIRE OXYGEN, BUT AT A LEVEL LOWER THAN IN THE ATMOSPHERE, I.E. 1-10% COMPARED TO REGULAR 21%)
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21
Q

BACTERIA TYPES BASED ON TEMPERATURE PREFERENCE?

A
  • PSYCHROPHILES (<15)
  • MESOPHILES
  • THERMOPHILES
  • HYPERTHERMOPHILES (60+, OPTIMAL OFTEN ABOVE 80)
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22
Q

BACTERIA TYPES BASED ON pH PREFERENCE:

A
  • ACIDOPHILE
  • NEUTROPHILE
  • ALKALIPHILE
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23
Q

PRIMARY METHOD OF BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION?

A

BINARY FISSION (ASEXUAL, OFFSPRING IDENTICAL TO THE MOTHER CELL)

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24
Q

PHASES OF BINARY FISSION:

A

1) LAG PHASE (NO INCREASE IN NUMBER OF LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS)
2) LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL INCREASE IN NUMBER OF LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS)
3) STATIONARY PHASE (PLATEAU IN NUMBER OF LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS, RATE OF CELL DIVISION AND DEATH ROUGHLY EQUAL)
4) DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE (EXPONENTIAL DECREASE IN NUMBER OF LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS; NUTRIENTS EXHAUSTED)

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25
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOIDS?

A
  • TYPICALLY SINGLE, CIRCULAR CHROMOSOMES
  • NOT MEMBRANE BOUND
  • SUPERCOILED
  • PACKAGED WITH AID OF HISTONE-LIKE PROTEINS
  • CONTAINS ALL OR MOST OF BACTERIAL GENETIC MATERIAL
26
Q

WHAT ARE PLASMIDS?

A
  • DNA THAT ISN’T A PART OF THE CHROMOSOME (NUCLEOID)
  • SMALL, TYPICALLY CIRCULAR, DOUBLE STRANDED DNA MOLECULES
  • MULTIPLE COPIES
  • REPLICATE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE CHROMOSOME
  • OFTEN CARRY GENES THAT CONFER ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS (E.G. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE)
27
Q

RIBOSOMES IN BACTERIA?

A
  • RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

- 2 SUBUNITS (SMALL= 30S, LARGE= 50S, TOTAL RIBOSOME=70S)

28
Q

WHAT ARE INCLUSIONS?

A
  • ONLY SOME BACTERIA HAVE THEM
  • STORAGE OF EXCESS NUTRIENTS TO USE WHEN ENVIRONMENT IS UNFAVORABLE
  • CAN STORE GLYCOGEN, STARCH, POLYMERISED INORGANIC PHOSPHATE ETC
29
Q

WHAT ARE ENDOSPORES?

A
  • ONLY PRESENT IN SOME BACTERIA
  • STRUCTURES THAT PROTECT THE BACTERIAL GENOME IN A DORMANT STATE WHEN THE ENVIRONMENT IS UNFAVORABLE
  • CAN SURVIVE WITHOUT NUTRIENTS AND WATER
  • SURVIVE VERY HIGH TEMP
  • HARD TO KILL
30
Q

TRANSFORMATION PROCESS IN WHICH BACTERIAL GENETIC MATERIAL BECOMES ENDOSPORE IS CALLED?

A

SPORULATION

31
Q

EXAMPLES OF ILLNESS CAUSED BY BACTERIA THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CREATE ENDOSPORES?

A
  • TETANUS
  • ANTHRAX
  • GANGRENE
  • BOTULISM
32
Q

FIMBRIAE VS PILI, WHICH ARE LONGER AND LESS NUMEROUS?

A

PILI

33
Q

FIMBRIAE AND PILI ROLES:

A
  • ALLOW BACTERIA TO INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT
  • ATTACH TO OTHER CELLS (ADHESION)
  • TRANSFER DNA (CONJUGATION)
  • PROVIDE MOVEMENT (TWITCHING)
34
Q

FLAGELLA ARE USED BY BACTERIA TO MOVE ESP IN WHAT KIND OF ENVIRONMENT?

A

AQUEOUS

35
Q

TYPES OF BACTERIA BASED ON THE NUMBER OF FLAGELLUM (PL: FLAGELLA) THEY HAVE?

A
  • MONOTRICHOUS
  • AMPHITRICHOUS (HAVE A SINGLE FLAGELLUM ON EACH OF TWO OPPOSITE ENDS)
  • LOPHOTRICHOUS (HAVE MULTIPLE FLAGELLA AT THE SAME PLACE ON THE CELL SURFACE)
  • PERITRICHOUS (HAVE FLAGELLA PROJECTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS ALL OVER THE CELL BODY)
36
Q

WHAT KIND OF SIGNALS CAN TRIGGER FLAGELLA MOTION?

A
  • CHEMICAL GRADIENTS (CHEMOTAXIS)
  • LIGHT (PHOTOTAXIS)
  • MAGNETIC FIELDS (MAGNETOTAXIS)
37
Q

HOW IS DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT OF FLAGELLA CONTROLLED?

A

THROUGH TUMBLING AND RUNNING BEHAVIOURS

38
Q

ARE PLASMIDS ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL BACTERIAL GROWTH?

A

NO

39
Q

4 MAIN MUTATION TYPES?

A
  • SILENT
  • MISSENSE
  • NONSENSE
  • DELETION/INSERTION (CAUSES FRAME SHIFT CHANGES)
40
Q

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN BACTERIA?

A

Horizontal gene transfer enables bacteria to respond and adapt to their environment much more rapidly by acquiring large DNA sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring.
(PLASMIDS CAN BE EXCHANGED BY BACTERIA IN THIS WAY)

41
Q

GENOME DEFINITION

A

COMPLETE SET (ENTIRETY) OF GENETIC MATERIAL OF AN ORGANISM

42
Q

GENOTYPE DEFINITION:

A

FULL COLLECTION OF GENES IN GENOME

43
Q

PHENOTYPE DEFINITION:

A

OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS (DEFINED BY THE SET OF GENES EXPRESSED AT ANY ONE TIME)

44
Q

CONSTITUTIVE GENES DEFINITION:

A

GENES THAT ARE ALWAYS EXPRESSED

45
Q

HOUSEKEEPING GENES?

A

GENES NECESSARY FOR THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL

46
Q

STRUCTURAL GENES?

A

GENES THAT ENCODE PRODUCTS THAT SERVE AS CELLULAR STRUCTURES OR ENZYMES

47
Q

REGULATORY GENES?

A

ENCODE PRODUCTS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION

48
Q

SMALL RNAs?

A

50-400 NUCLEOTIDES LONG

TRANSCRIBED BUT NOT TRANSLATED

49
Q

WHAT IS A PROMOTER?

A
  • A DNA SEQUENCE UPSTREAM OF A GENE (OR A SET OF GENES) WHERE TRANSCRIPTION MACHINERY (RNA POLYMERASE) BINDS AND INITIATES TRANSCRIPTION
50
Q

WHAT IS A CONSENSUS SEQUENCE?

A

a sequence of DNA, RNA, or protein that represents aligned, related sequences

51
Q

WHAT IS A SIGMA FACTOR?

A

a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria; It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters
- SIGMA FACTORS BIND TO CONSENSUS SEQUENCES AND RECRUIT RNAP

52
Q

REPRESSORS VS ACTIVATORS VS INDUCERS?

A

R: SUPPRESS TRANSCRIPTION KEEPING A GENE ‘OFF’
A: INCREASE TRANSCRIPTION OF A GENE KEEPING IT ON
I: SMALL MOLECULES THAT CAN HELP REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION BY BINDING TO EITHER REPRESSORS OR ACTIVATORS

53
Q

WHAT ARE OPERONS?

A

FUNCTIONING UNITS OF DNA CONTAINING A CLUSTER OF GENES UNDER THE SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL OF A SINGLE PROMOTER

  • TRANSCRIBED TOGETHER
  • ALL NEEDED OR NONE NEEDED
54
Q

WHAT ARE REGULONS?

A

GROUPS OF SEVERAL GENES OR OPERONS THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN RESPONSE TO THE SAME SIGNAL BY THE SAME REGULATORY PROTEIN
- THE MEMBERS OF A REGULON HAVE SEPARATE PROMOTERS AND ARE WIDELY SEPARATED ON THE CHROMOSOME

55
Q

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS MOVE SIGNAL IN WHICH DIRECTION?

A

FROM CELL’S EXTERIOR TO ITS INTERIOR

56
Q

WHAT IS CONJUGATION?

A

TRANSFER OF DNA THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT USING A CONJUGATION PILUS

57
Q

WHAT IS TRANSDUCTION?

A

MECHANISM OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN BACTERIA IN WHICH GENES ARE TRANSFERRED THROUGH VIRAL INFECTION

58
Q

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION?

A

MECHANISM OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN WHICH NAKED ENVIRONMENTAL DNA IS TAKEN UP BY A BACTERIAL CELL

59
Q

WHAT IS TRANSPOSITION?

A

PROCESS WHEREBY DNA INDEPENDENTLY EXCISES FROM ONE LOCATION IN A DNA MOLECULE AND INTEGRATES ELSEWHERE

60
Q

PENICILIN WORKS ON G+ OR G- BACTERIA?

A

ONLY G+

INF (40 decks)

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