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INF > INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH PROTECTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH PROTECTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

HOW IS INFECTIOUS DISEASE DEFINED?

A

DISEASE TRANSMISSIBLE BY DIRECT CONTACT WITH AN INFECTED INDIVIDUAL OR THE INDIVIDUAL’S DISCHARGES OR BY INDIRECT MEANS

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2
Q

SOME REASONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FACT THAT PEOPLE IN FROM MORE DEPRIVED SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS EXPERIENCE HIGHER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WHEN IT COMES TO INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

A
  • THEY HAVE HIGHER RATES OF UNDERLYING COMORBIDITIES

- THEY LACK CONTROL IN EMPLOYMENT, LIVE IN DENSE HOUSING, HAVE INADEQUATE HEATING AND SANITATION ETC.

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 DOMAINS OF PUBLIC HEALTH?

A

HEALTH IMPROVEMENT, HEALTH PROTECTION, HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE QUALITY

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4
Q

HOW IS HEALTH PROTECTION DEFINED?

A

THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND POPULATIONS THROUGH EXPERT ADVICE AND EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION TO PREVENT AND MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE, ENVIRONMENTAL, CHEMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL THREATS

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5
Q

WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A

STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH-RELATED STATES AMONG SPECIFIED POPULATIONS AND APPLICATION OF THAT STUDY TO THE CONTROL OF HEALTH PROBLEMS

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6
Q

WHAT IS FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A

IT DESCRIBES INVESTIGATIONS INITIATED IN RESPONSE TO URGENT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; THE PRIMARY GOAL IS TO GUIDE, AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, THE PROCESSES OF SELECTING AND IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTIONS TO LESSEN OR PREVENT ILLNESS OR DEATH WHEN SUCH PROBLEMS ARISE

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7
Q

DESCRIBE HOW EPIDEMIOLOGY WORKS IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE:

A

DISCOVER the agent, host and environmental factors that affect health
DETERMINE the relative importance of causes of illness, disability and death
IDENTIFY population groups at the highest risk
EVALUATE the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

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8
Q

4 STEPS IN SOLVING HEALTH PROBLEMS:

A

1) DATA COLLECTION: SURVEILLANCE; DETERMINE TIME, PLACE AND PERSON
2) ASSESSMENT; INTERFERENCE
3) HYPOTHESIS TESTING; DETERMINE HOW AND WHY
4) ACTION; INTERVENTION

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9
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE ‘EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD’ OF CAUSAL FACTORS?

A

AGENT, ENVIRONMENT AND HOST

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10
Q

DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION:

A

INFECTIOUS AGENTS (MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF CAUSING DISEASE OR ILLNESS)

RESERVOIRS (PLACE IN WHICH INFECTIOUS AGENTS LIVE, GROW AND REPRODUCE)

PORTALS OF EXIT (WAYS IN WHICH THE INFECTIOUS AGENT LEAVES THE RESERVOIR)

MODES OF TRANSMISSION (WAYS IN WHICH THE INFECTIOUS AGENT SPREADS FROM THE RESERVOIR TO THE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST)

PORTALS OF ENTRY (WAYS IN WHICH THE INFECTIOUS AGENT ENTERS THE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST)

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST (INDIVIDUALS MIGHT HAVE TRAITS THAT AFFECT THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE)

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11
Q

WHAT CAN ACT AS THE ‘RESERVOIR’ IN THE CHAIN OF INFECTION?

A

PEOPLE, WATER, FOOD ETC

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12
Q

WHAT IS CHEMOPREVENTION (AKA CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS)?

A

ADMINISTRATION OF A MEDICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING DISEASE OR INFECTION

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13
Q

WHAT IS A VECTOR IN BIOLOGY?

A

AN ORGANISM THAT DOESN’T CAUSE THE DISEASE ITSELF BUT SPREADS THE INFECTION BY CONVEYING PATHOGENS FROM ONE HOST TO ANOTHER

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF OUTBREAK AND EPIDEMIC?

A

DISEASE/BEHAVIOUR OCCURRENCE AMONG A SPECIFIED POPULATION THAT IS IN EXCESS OF WHAT IS EXPECTED IN A GIVEN TIME AND PLACE

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN EPIDEMIC AND AN OUTBREAK?

A

OUTBREAK USUALLY AFFECTS A MORE LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

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16
Q

WHAT IS A CLUSTER?

A

A GROUP OF CASES IN A SPECIFIC TIME AND PLACE THAT MIGHT BE MORE THAN EXPECTED

17
Q

WHAT IS AN ENDEMIC?

A

A DISEASE OR CONDITION PRESENT AMONG A POPULATION AT ALL TIMES

18
Q

WHAT IS A PANDEMIC?

A

A DISEASE OR CONDITION THAT SPREAD ACROSS REGIONS

19
Q

WHAT IS R0?

A

A FIGURE EXPRESSING THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF CASES OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE ARISING BY TRANSMISSION FROM A SINGLE INFECTED INDIVIDUAL IN A POPULATION WHICH HASN’T PREVIOUSLY ENCOUNTERED THE DISEASE

20
Q

HOW IS RATE CALCULATED?

A

RATE (%) = (NUMBER OF CASES/POPULATION AT RISK)x100

21
Q

WHAT IS NEEDED TO CALCULATE THE RATE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A

THE FREQUENCY OF THE DISEASE NEEDS TO BE DETERMINED, WHICH INCLUDES:

  • THE NUMBER OF CASES OF THE CONDITION
  • THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION AT RISK
  • THE PERIOD FOR WHICH WE ARE CALCULATING THE RATE
22
Q

WHAT IS PREVALENCE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A

A MEASURE OF HOW COMMON A DISEASE IS; INCLUDES BOTH ESTABLISHED AND NEW CASES

23
Q

HOW CAN PREVALENCE BE EXPRESSED?

A

% OR NUMBER PER n PEOPLE

24
Q

ORIGIN OF THE WORD ‘PREVALENCE’?

A

PRAEVALERE = ‘TO BE ESTABLISHED’

25
Q

TYPES OF PREVALENCE AND MEANINGS?

A
  • POINT: PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH THE CONDITION AT A SPECIFIED POINT IN TIME
  • PERIOD: PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH THE CONDITION AT ANY TIME DURING A SPECIFIED TIME INTERVAL
  • LIFETIME: PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH THE CONDITION AT ANY POINT IF THEIR LIVES
26
Q

WHAT IS INCIDENCE?

A

ALSO KNOWN AS INCIDENCE RATE

THE RATE AT WHICH NEW EVENTS OCCUR IN POPULATION, OVER A DEFINED PERIOD OF TIME

27
Q

HOW CAN INCIDENCE BE EXPRESSED?

A
  • PER n PEOPLE PER TIME PERIOD
  • PER n PERSON-YEARS
    (the 2 are essentially the same)
28
Q

ORIGIN OF THE WORD ‘INCIDENCE’?

A

LATIN: ‘INCIDERE’: ‘TO HAPPEN UPON’

29
Q

WHAT IS THE PERSON-YEARS MEASUREMENT?

A

A MEASUREMENT COMBINING THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE OBSERVED AND THE NUMBER OF YEARS THEY WERE OBSERVED FOR:
n of people X n of years

30
Q

HOW TO CALCULATE INCIDENCE?

A

NUMBER OF NEW CASE/ (TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE X YEARS OBSERVED)

31
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF CONDITIONS HAVE HIGH INCIDENCE AND HIGH PREVALENCE?

A

IT IS A COMMON AND NOT BRIEF CONDITION, E.G. THE COMMON COLD

32
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF A CONDITION HAS HIGH INCIDENCE AND LOW PREVALENCE?

A

IT IS A COMMON AND A VERY BRIEF CONDITION; E.G. NOSE BLEEDS

33
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF A CONDITION HAS LOW INCIDENCE AND HIGH PREVALENCE?

A

IT IS AN UNCOMMON LONG TERM CONDITION (LIKE T2D)

34
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF A CONDITION HAS LOW INCIDENCE AND LOW PREVALENCE?

A

IT IS AN UNCOMMON, SHORT-TERM CONDITION LIKE PANCREATIC CANCER

INF (40 decks)

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