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Year 1- PoD > Vaccines (Princ. immunisation) > Flashcards

Vaccines (Princ. immunisation) Flashcards

1
Q

How is active immunity produced?

A

A foreign antigen triggers an adaptive immune response int he body.
This creates immunological memory (memory cells).

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2
Q

Whats the difference between the initial response & response with active immunirt?

A

The intitial response is slow & uses not great IgM antibodies.
The future response is much faster, larger & uses more effective IgG antibodies.

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3
Q

Name the 5 types of vaccine that cause active immunity:

A

Toxoids
Conjugate vaccines
Attenuated vaccines
Killed vaccines
Recombinant vaccines

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4
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

Organisms that are live but no longer pathogenic.
Produce full immune response but no disease.

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5
Q

How are pathogens attenuated?

A

Passes through non-human cell cultures repeatedly till they become non-pathogenic.

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6
Q

Why arnt attenuated vaccines given to the immunocompromised or pregnant?

A

Chance they could still revert to their pathogenic state.

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7
Q

What are the limitations of Attentuated vaccines?

A
  • Needs refrigeration so hard in developing countries.
  • Easier for viruses than bacteria
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8
Q

Give an example of an attenuated vaccine?

A

MMR
BCG (TB) (Bacillus Calmete-Guerin)

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9
Q

How is a pathogen deactivated for a dead vaccine?

A

Formaldehyde causes chemical deactivation

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10
Q

In what way is a dead vaccine better than live?

A

Can’t revert to wild-type so not a danger to the immuno-compromised or pregnent.

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11
Q

Why use adjuvants in dead vaccines?

A

They produce a wekaer immune rseponse so adjuvants reduce the doses needed.

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12
Q

Define Adjuvant

A

A substance that enhances antibody response

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13
Q

Why wouldnt you always use adjuvants?

A

They can have inflammatory responses against other proteins/antigens int he vaccine

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14
Q

Give an example of a dead vaccine:

A

Polio
HEP A
Rabies

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15
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

A pathogen’s toxin thats been treated with formalin.

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16
Q

Is a toxoid acellular?

A

Yes its an acellular vaccine

17
Q

How is a toxoid vacccine different to others?

A

IT induces immunit against the toxin not the pathogen.

18
Q

Give an example of a toxoid vaccine:

A

TDP
- Tetanus
- Diptheria
- Pertussis

19
Q

Whats a subunit vaccine?

A

Part of a pathogen e.g. antigen or nucleic acid

20
Q

Why is a subunit vaccine safe?

A

Because its only part of a pathogen so it cant form an infectious agent

21
Q

Whats a benefit of a subunit vaccine?

A

Its easy to produce in large amounts

22
Q

Whats the main type of subunit vaccine?

A

Recombinant vaccine

23
Q

How is a recombinant vaccine produced?

A

Recombinate DNA technology.
- DNA that encodess antigen is inserted into yeast chromosome.
- Antigen is harvested & purified

24
Q

Example of Recombinant vaccine

A

HEB B surface antigen for the HBV vaccine

25
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine>

A

A poor antigen is conjugated to a stronger antigen to enhance the immune repsosne to the poor antigen. Most commonly a polysaccharide conjugated to a protein.

26
Q

Give an example of pathogens affected by conjugate vaccines:

A
  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis C
27
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A
  • An experimental vaccine
  • The genes that encode a pathogen’s antigens.
28
Q

How do DNA vaccines work?

A

Genes are taken up by cells
The cells prduce the antigen.
Either released or displayed on the surface.

29
Q

How does the body respoond to a DNA vaccine?

A

Evokes a strong cellular response against the cell surface antigens.
Evokes a strong antibody response against the free-floating antigens.

30
Q

What DNA vaccines are being tested in people?

A

Influenza & herpes vaccines.

31
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Quick & immediate protection but with no memory

32
Q

How is passive immunisation created?

A

By innoculating the patient with antibodies from another person or animal.

33
Q

What are the 2 types of passive immunity injections?

A

Human normal immunoglbulin
Human specific immunoglobulin

34
Q

Whats the difference between HNI & HSI vaccines?

A

Human Normal Immunoglobulin vaccines contain antibodies from an unselected pool of random donors.
Human specfic immunoglobulin antibodies use blood donors with a high antibody level against the target organism.

Year 1- PoD (47 decks)

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