Vaccines Flashcards
What causes vaccine failure?
Colostral immunity interference Improper vaccine handling Improper booster administration Incubating disease already Too stressed to respond Immunity not strong enough to prevent/mitigate disease NUTRITION
Vaccine Rules
Single use needles Proper site needle selection Select low dose, SQ Abide by withdrawal times on label Make sure clients are not injecting different products in the same spots
Ideal Vaccine
Produced immune response identical to natural infection
Protects against clinical disease and carrier states
Last lifetime of the cow
No side effects/reaction
Able to sit on dash of truck without being inactivated
Low volume SQ
Cheap
What is the maximum you will get out of your vaccine?
1 year
What does the label mean when it says “for the prevention of infection with”?
Prevents all colonization and replication
What does the label mean when it says “for the prevention of disease due to”?
efficacy >80% at 95% CI
What does the label mean when it says “ as an aid in the prevention of disease due to”?
Produces a “clinically significant effect” in preventing disease in challenged animals
What does the label mean when it says “as an aid in the control of disease due to”?
Alleviates disease severity or duration
Spirovac
for vaccination of healthy cattle four weeks of age or older including those pregnant and/or lactating for the prevention of infection by Lepto including reproductive and renal tract colonization and urinary shedding for up to 12 months
IMRAB
recommended for the vaccination of healthy cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, horses, and ferrets 12 weeks of age and older for prevention of disease due to rabies virus
Enviracor J5
recommended for use in healthy dairy cattle as an aid in the control of clinical signs associated with E coli mastitis.
Inactivated vaccine
Killed microorganisms with adjuvants for stability and immunogenicity
Subunit vaccine
only particular antigens that can be used with recombinant techniques
Autogenous vaccines
herd-specific vaccines combined with adjuvant
Modified live vaccine
altered microorganism that is capable of infection and replication
What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines?
Safe for pregnant animals and immunocompromised animals No viral shedding Longer shelf-life/increased stability contamination less likely No reversion to virulence
What are the disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines?
Multiple doses generally needed
Adjuvant needed: Allergic Reactions, show animals
Slower onset of protection
tendency to be more expensive
What are the advantages of Modified Live vaccines?
Adverse reactions less common
Strong, longer lasting immune response
Stimulation of innate immune system
More closely mimics natural infection
What are the disadvantages of Modified Live vaccines?
Shedding of vaccinal virus
Potential for reversion to virulence
Viral replication in pregnant animals and immunocompromised animals
Less stable
What are the goals of a vaccination program?
Maximize herd health
Maximize cost-benefit ratio
Maximize compliance
What are the factors to consider for vaccination programs?
Animals to be vaccinated
Vaccine type
Agents to be included
Timing of vaccination
What are the primary goals for a breeding herd vaccination program?
Maintain solid herd immunity to prevalent pathogens
What are the primary goals for a replacement heifer vaccination program?
Protect against prevalence threats
Provide basis for solid herd immunity
What are the primary goals for a market calves vaccination program?
Immune protection to prevalent disease challenge
What are the consideration for vaccines?
1) You must give 2 doses of killed vaccine, 2-4 weeks apart
2) 2 doses of MLV given 2-4 weeks apart
3) Calf immune systems are not mature until 4-5 months, and MAbs persist to 3 months
4) Do not vaccinate anything from -5 to 5 DIM; they will not mount a good immune response
5) MLVs will give longer, stronger, and usually cheaper protection compared to killed
6) Use caution vaccinating pregnant cows with MLV
7) Milk production will be affected by vaccination
8) Don’t give >2 Gram negative vaccines at once
