Vaccines

Question 1

What causes vaccine failure?

Answer 1

Colostral immunity interference
Improper vaccine handling 
Improper booster administration 
Incubating disease already 
Too stressed to respond 
Immunity not strong enough to prevent/mitigate disease
NUTRITION

Question 2

Vaccine Rules

Answer 2

Single use needles 
Proper site
needle selection 
Select low dose, SQ
Abide by withdrawal times on label
Make sure clients are not injecting different products in the same spots

Question 3

Ideal Vaccine

Answer 3

Produced immune response identical to natural infection
Protects against clinical disease and carrier states
Last lifetime of the cow
No side effects/reaction
Able to sit on dash of truck without being inactivated
Low volume SQ
Cheap

Question 4

What is the maximum you will get out of your vaccine?

Answer 4

1 year

Question 5

What does the label mean when it says “for the prevention of infection with”?

Answer 5

Prevents all colonization and replication

Question 6

What does the label mean when it says “for the prevention of disease due to”?

Answer 6

efficacy >80% at 95% CI

Question 7

What does the label mean when it says “ as an aid in the prevention of disease due to”?

Answer 7

Produces a “clinically significant effect” in preventing disease in challenged animals

Question 8

What does the label mean when it says “as an aid in the control of disease due to”?

Answer 8

Alleviates disease severity or duration

Question 9

Spirovac

Answer 9

for vaccination of healthy cattle four weeks of age or older including those pregnant and/or lactating for the prevention of infection by Lepto including reproductive and renal tract colonization and urinary shedding for up to 12 months

Question 10

IMRAB

Answer 10

recommended for the vaccination of healthy cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, horses, and ferrets 12 weeks of age and older for prevention of disease due to rabies virus

Question 11

Enviracor J5

Answer 11

recommended for use in healthy dairy cattle as an aid in the control of clinical signs associated with E coli mastitis.

Question 12

Inactivated vaccine

Answer 12

Killed microorganisms with adjuvants for stability and immunogenicity

Question 13

Subunit vaccine

Answer 13

only particular antigens that can be used with recombinant techniques

Question 14

Autogenous vaccines

Answer 14

herd-specific vaccines combined with adjuvant

Question 15

Modified live vaccine

Answer 15

altered microorganism that is capable of infection and replication

Question 16

What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 16

Safe for pregnant animals and immunocompromised animals 
No viral shedding 
Longer shelf-life/increased stability 
contamination less likely 
No reversion to virulence

Question 17

What are the disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines?

Answer 17

Multiple doses generally needed
Adjuvant needed: Allergic Reactions, show animals
Slower onset of protection
tendency to be more expensive

Question 18

What are the advantages of Modified Live vaccines?

Answer 18

Adverse reactions less common
Strong, longer lasting immune response
Stimulation of innate immune system
More closely mimics natural infection

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of Modified Live vaccines?

Answer 19

Shedding of vaccinal virus
Potential for reversion to virulence
Viral replication in pregnant animals and immunocompromised animals
Less stable

Question 20

What are the goals of a vaccination program?

Answer 20

Maximize herd health
Maximize cost-benefit ratio
Maximize compliance

Question 21

What are the factors to consider for vaccination programs?

Answer 21

Animals to be vaccinated
Vaccine type
Agents to be included
Timing of vaccination

Question 22

What are the primary goals for a breeding herd vaccination program?

Answer 22

Maintain solid herd immunity to prevalent pathogens

Question 23

What are the primary goals for a replacement heifer vaccination program?

Answer 23

Protect against prevalence threats

Provide basis for solid herd immunity

Question 24

What are the primary goals for a market calves vaccination program?

Answer 24

Immune protection to prevalent disease challenge

Question 25

What are the consideration for vaccines?

Answer 25

1) You must give 2 doses of killed vaccine, 2-4 weeks apart
2) 2 doses of MLV given 2-4 weeks apart
3) Calf immune systems are not mature until 4-5 months, and MAbs persist to 3 months
4) Do not vaccinate anything from -5 to 5 DIM; they will not mount a good immune response
5) MLVs will give longer, stronger, and usually cheaper protection compared to killed
6) Use caution vaccinating pregnant cows with MLV
7) Milk production will be affected by vaccination
8) Don’t give >2 Gram negative vaccines at once