Bovine Musculoskeletal

Question 1

What is a common cause on Dairys that rivals Mastitis?

Answer 1

Lameness

Question 2

How does Lameness impact?

Answer 2

Decreased milk production

Decreased reproduction

Question 3

What do you look for when examining a cow for lameness?

Answer 3

No head bob
Flat back 
no "hunched" up back 
Joints flex equally
one leg isn't stiffer then the others 
tracking up - rear feet almost land in foot prints left by the front feet 
No limping 
no reluctance to bear weight

Question 4

Lameness Grade 1

Answer 4

Smooth fluid movement

Question 5

Lameness Grade 2

Answer 5

Imperfect locomotion but moves freely

Question 6

Lameness Grade 3

Answer 6

Ability to move freely is compromised

Question 7

Lameness Grade 4

Answer 7

Ability to move freely obviously diminished

Question 8

Lameness Grade 5

Answer 8

Must be vigorously encouraged to move

Question 9

Why is the first effect of Lameness decreased milk production?

Answer 9

cows cannot get to the feed bunk and are painful

Question 10

What is the appropriate toe length?

Answer 10

7.5cm (3in)

Question 11

What is the appropriate apex length?

Answer 11

5-10mm

Question 12

What is the appropriate Head length?

Answer 12

8-15mm

Question 13

What is the Corium response to increased weight bearing?

Answer 13

Increased rate of horn production

Question 14

What is the Corium response to imbalance in weight bearing?

Answer 14

overloading of outside claw

Question 15

What is the Corium response to overloading of outside of claw?

Answer 15

claw conformation change - long toe, high heel

Question 16

What is the Corium response to increased risk for trauma to corium?

Answer 16

increased risk for ulcer

Question 17

“Foot Rot”

Answer 17

Interdigital Phlegmon

Question 18

Foot Rot

Answer 18

Damage to interdigital dermis caused by opportunistic bacterial invasion that creates anaerobic environment causing tissue destruction

Question 19

What opportunistic bacteria invade the foot to make foot rot?

Answer 19

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Porphyromonas levii
Prevotella intermedia

Question 20

Score 1 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 20

Slight to moderate inflammation, some erosion between the claws, no undermining or erosion of skin or horn

Question 21

Score 2 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 21

Skin between claws is inflamed and raw, may involve part or all of the soft horn on the inside of the claws, no underrunning of the horn

Question 22

Score 3a Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 22

Separation of the skin horn junction, with underrunning extending no more than 5mm

Question 23

Score 3b Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 23

Underrunning no more than half way across the heel or sole

Question 24

Score 3c Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 24

More extensive underrunning of heel or sole but not extending to the outside edge of the sole of the claw

Question 25

Score 4 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 25

The underrunning extends to the outside edge of the sole of the claw and involves hard horn

Question 26

Score 5 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

Answer 26

severe disease involving the sole, with extensive inflammation and underrunning of the hard horn of the hoof

Question 27

What are the infectious agents of Small Ruminant Foot Rot?

Answer 27

Dichelobacter nodosus | F. necrophorum

Question 28

What is the treatment for Small Ruminant Foot Rot?

Answer 28

Debridement | Antibiotics - Ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline, Florfenicol, Gamithromycin, Tilmycosin

Question 29

What are the common names of Digital dermatitis?

Answer 29

``` Hairy heel warts Strawberry foot Verrucous dermatitis Digital warts Interdigital papillomatosis ```

Question 30

What causes Digital Dermatitis?

Answer 30

Treponema spp

Question 31

What are the environmental predispositions to Digital Dermatitis?

Answer 31

Confinement Excess manure Increased standing due to poor stalls or over-crowding

Question 32

What is the treatment for Digital Dermatitis?

Answer 32

Oxytetracycline: topical or systemic Footbaths: Copper sulfate or Formalin

Question 33

What does overloading the outside claw lead to?

Answer 33

Hemorrhages | Ulcers

Question 34

What environmental problems cause Thin soles?

Answer 34

We rough concrete | Increased standing time

Question 35

How do you treat thin soles?

Answer 35

Excess removal of horn

Question 36

What are the sequelae to thin soles?

Answer 36

Damage to sole corium - toe ulcers and sole ulcers | White line disease

Question 37

Where do you commonly see solar ulcers?

Answer 37

Lateral claw of hind foot | Medial claw of fore foot

Question 38

What causes Laminitis in Dairy cattle?

Answer 38

Mastitis metritis Lactation ration

Question 39

What causes Laminitis in cattle?

Answer 39

Rumen Acidosis from high concentrate diets

Question 40

What causes Laminitis in Beef cattle?

Answer 40

High concentrate diets in feedlots

Question 41

What is the treatment for acute laminitis?

Answer 41

NSAIDs | Euthanasia

Question 42

What is the treatment for chronic laminitis?

Answer 42

Hoof trimming | diets

Question 43

Laminitis in cattle

Answer 43

Vascular disturbance, aseptic inflammation of corium disrupts horn production

Question 44

How do you prevent Laminitis?

Answer 44

``` Stalls Diet Flooring Hygiene Foot baths Trimming ```

Question 45

How long should dairy cattle spend lying down?

Answer 45

10-12 hours per day

Question 46

What does increased lying time cause?

Answer 46

Decreased lameness Decreased biomechanical stresses Decreased exposure to manure slurry

Question 47

Describe free stalls for dairy cattle

Answer 47

``` Length: 8-9 feet Width: 48 inches Lunge area free of obstructions Brisket board does not interfere with rising behavior Soft and malleable bedding Dry ```

Question 48

What are the advantages of Rubber mats?

Answer 48

Reduced risk of lameness Decreased claw growth/wear Improved gait on rubber mats

Question 49

What is the therapy for Sacroiliac luxation?

Answer 49

No therapy - sent to market

Question 50

What is the most common stifle injury in cattle?

Answer 50

Cranial cruciate injury

Question 51

Clinical signs of Cranial cruciate injury

Answer 51

effusion instability "click" when begin to bear weight

Question 52

What is the cause of cranial cruciate rupture in dairy cattle?

Answer 52

Acute injury followed by chronic progressive DJD

Question 53

What is the cause of cranial cruciate rupture in Beef bulls?

Answer 53

DJD associated with "post-legged" confirmation

Question 54

How do you treat cranial cruciate rupture?

Answer 54

Rest and NSAIDs | Surgery

Question 55

Where is it more common to see a collateral ligament?

Answer 55

Medially

Question 56

How do you treat collateral ligament injury?

Answer 56

Imbrication

Question 57

Clinical signs of Stifle injury

Answer 57

``` Short stride Limited flexion of stifle joint Walk on their toes, heel elevated Leg held in abduction Bear very little weight Acute injury followed by chronic progressive DJD ```

Question 58

How do you treat Left stifle anterior cruciate?

Answer 58

NSAIDs and aqua cow for 12 hours for a few days

Question 59

How do you treat deep tissue abscesses?

Answer 59

Ultrasound lancing | Antibiotics

Question 60

Where do foals commonly get septic joints?

Answer 60

Carpus Tarsus Stifle joints

Question 61

How do you treat septic joints in cattle?

Answer 61

Stick a needle in it lavage IA and systemic antibiotics

Question 62

How do you treat Severe flexural deformities?

Answer 62

Extended toe Splint/cast Oxytetracycline

Question 63

How do you treat Flexural contraction?

Answer 63

Physical therapy

Question 64

How many layers are in a cast for an animal that is less than 150kg?

Answer 64

6-8 layers

Question 65

How many layers are in a cast for an animal that is greater than 150kg?

Answer 65

10-12 layers