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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Bovine Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common cause on Dairys that rivals Mastitis?

A

Lameness

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2
Q

How does Lameness impact?

A

Decreased milk production

Decreased reproduction

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3
Q

What do you look for when examining a cow for lameness?

A 
No head bob
Flat back 
no "hunched" up back 
Joints flex equally
one leg isn't stiffer then the others 
tracking up - rear feet almost land in foot prints left by the front feet 
No limping 
no reluctance to bear weight
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4
Q

Lameness Grade 1

A

Smooth fluid movement

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5
Q

Lameness Grade 2

A

Imperfect locomotion but moves freely

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6
Q

Lameness Grade 3

A

Ability to move freely is compromised

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7
Q

Lameness Grade 4

A

Ability to move freely obviously diminished

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8
Q

Lameness Grade 5

A

Must be vigorously encouraged to move

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9
Q

Why is the first effect of Lameness decreased milk production?

A

cows cannot get to the feed bunk and are painful

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10
Q

What is the appropriate toe length?

A

7.5cm (3in)

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11
Q

What is the appropriate apex length?

A

5-10mm

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12
Q

What is the appropriate Head length?

A

8-15mm

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13
Q

What is the Corium response to increased weight bearing?

A

Increased rate of horn production

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14
Q

What is the Corium response to imbalance in weight bearing?

A

overloading of outside claw

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15
Q

What is the Corium response to overloading of outside of claw?

A

claw conformation change - long toe, high heel

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16
Q

What is the Corium response to increased risk for trauma to corium?

A

increased risk for ulcer

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17
Q

“Foot Rot”

A

Interdigital Phlegmon

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18
Q

Foot Rot

A

Damage to interdigital dermis caused by opportunistic bacterial invasion that creates anaerobic environment causing tissue destruction

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19
Q

What opportunistic bacteria invade the foot to make foot rot?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Porphyromonas levii
Prevotella intermedia

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20
Q

Score 1 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

Slight to moderate inflammation, some erosion between the claws, no undermining or erosion of skin or horn

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21
Q

Score 2 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

Skin between claws is inflamed and raw, may involve part or all of the soft horn on the inside of the claws, no underrunning of the horn

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22
Q

Score 3a Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

Separation of the skin horn junction, with underrunning extending no more than 5mm

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23
Q

Score 3b Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

Underrunning no more than half way across the heel or sole

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24
Q

Score 3c Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

More extensive underrunning of heel or sole but not extending to the outside edge of the sole of the claw

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25
Q

Score 4 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

The underrunning extends to the outside edge of the sole of the claw and involves hard horn

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26
Q

Score 5 Small Ruminant Foot Rot

A

severe disease involving the sole, with extensive inflammation and underrunning of the hard horn of the hoof

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27
Q

What are the infectious agents of Small Ruminant Foot Rot?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

F. necrophorum

28
Q

What is the treatment for Small Ruminant Foot Rot?

A

Debridement

Antibiotics - Ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline, Florfenicol, Gamithromycin, Tilmycosin

29
Q

What are the common names of Digital dermatitis?

A 
Hairy heel warts 
Strawberry foot 
Verrucous dermatitis
Digital warts 
Interdigital papillomatosis
30
Q

What causes Digital Dermatitis?

A

Treponema spp

31
Q

What are the environmental predispositions to Digital Dermatitis?

A

Confinement
Excess manure
Increased standing due to poor stalls or over-crowding

32
Q

What is the treatment for Digital Dermatitis?

A

Oxytetracycline: topical or systemic
Footbaths: Copper sulfate or Formalin

33
Q

What does overloading the outside claw lead to?

A

Hemorrhages

Ulcers

34
Q

What environmental problems cause Thin soles?

A

We rough concrete

Increased standing time

35
Q

How do you treat thin soles?

A

Excess removal of horn

36
Q

What are the sequelae to thin soles?

A

Damage to sole corium - toe ulcers and sole ulcers

White line disease

37
Q

Where do you commonly see solar ulcers?

A

Lateral claw of hind foot

Medial claw of fore foot

38
Q

What causes Laminitis in Dairy cattle?

A

Mastitis
metritis
Lactation ration

39
Q

What causes Laminitis in cattle?

A

Rumen Acidosis from high concentrate diets

40
Q

What causes Laminitis in Beef cattle?

A

High concentrate diets in feedlots

41
Q

What is the treatment for acute laminitis?

A

NSAIDs

Euthanasia

42
Q

What is the treatment for chronic laminitis?

A

Hoof trimming

diets

43
Q

Laminitis in cattle

A

Vascular disturbance, aseptic inflammation of corium disrupts horn production

44
Q

How do you prevent Laminitis?

A 
Stalls
Diet
Flooring
Hygiene
Foot baths
Trimming
45
Q

How long should dairy cattle spend lying down?

A

10-12 hours per day

46
Q

What does increased lying time cause?

A

Decreased lameness
Decreased biomechanical stresses
Decreased exposure to manure slurry

47
Q

Describe free stalls for dairy cattle

A 
Length: 8-9 feet
Width: 48 inches
Lunge area free of obstructions
Brisket board does not interfere with rising behavior
Soft and malleable bedding
Dry
48
Q

What are the advantages of Rubber mats?

A

Reduced risk of lameness
Decreased claw growth/wear
Improved gait on rubber mats

49
Q

What is the therapy for Sacroiliac luxation?

A

No therapy - sent to market

50
Q

What is the most common stifle injury in cattle?

A

Cranial cruciate injury

51
Q

Clinical signs of Cranial cruciate injury

A

effusion
instability
“click” when begin to bear weight

52
Q

What is the cause of cranial cruciate rupture in dairy cattle?

A

Acute injury followed by chronic progressive DJD

53
Q

What is the cause of cranial cruciate rupture in Beef bulls?

A

DJD associated with “post-legged” confirmation

54
Q

How do you treat cranial cruciate rupture?

A

Rest and NSAIDs

Surgery

55
Q

Where is it more common to see a collateral ligament?

56
Q

How do you treat collateral ligament injury?

A

Imbrication

57
Q

Clinical signs of Stifle injury

A 
Short stride
Limited flexion of stifle joint 
Walk on their toes, heel elevated
Leg held in abduction 
Bear very little weight 
Acute injury followed by chronic progressive DJD
58
Q

How do you treat Left stifle anterior cruciate?

A

NSAIDs and aqua cow for 12 hours for a few days

59
Q

How do you treat deep tissue abscesses?

A

Ultrasound lancing

Antibiotics

60
Q

Where do foals commonly get septic joints?

A

Carpus
Tarsus
Stifle joints

61
Q

How do you treat septic joints in cattle?

A

Stick a needle in it
lavage
IA and systemic antibiotics

62
Q

How do you treat Severe flexural deformities?

A

Extended toe
Splint/cast
Oxytetracycline

63
Q

How do you treat Flexural contraction?

A

Physical therapy

64
Q

How many layers are in a cast for an animal that is less than 150kg?

A

6-8 layers

65
Q

How many layers are in a cast for an animal that is greater than 150kg?

A

10-12 layers

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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