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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine GI > Flashcards

Bovine GI Flashcards

1
Q

What do old cows living in a sandy area die from?

A

Dental Attrition

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2
Q

Cleft palate

A

palate closes from rostral to caudal, defect is always in back. Milk comes out of nose when head is down.

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3
Q

In what breed is Cleft palate inherited?

A

Charolais

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4
Q

What causes pitting of teeth?

A

Fluorosis, weak teeth

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5
Q

What causes fluorosis?

A

Areas with a lot of factories. High levels of fluoride get into the air and then into the soil and the grass.

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6
Q

How do you diagnose Fluorosis?

A

by removing bone from tail and have it analyzed

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7
Q

Brachygnathia

A

Short mandible or a “weak jaw”

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8
Q

Adamantonoma

A

tumor of the teeth

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9
Q

What is the treatment for Adamantonoma?

A

Culling

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10
Q

Ptyalism

A

Excessive salivation

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11
Q

DDx for Ptyalism

A 
choke
ruminal and abomasal problems 
toxicities
rabies
side effects of xylazine
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12
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland

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13
Q

How do you treat Sialadenitis?

A

Reduce swelling
Drain abscess
broad spectrum Abx
Wounds and infections of glands usually heal by second intention

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14
Q

What can a Sialadenitis lead to?

A

Salivary cyst

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15
Q

Salivary gland neoplasia

A

Pleomorphic carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What is the cause for Trauma/Abscess?

A

Iatrogenic
Frick Spectrum
Balling gun

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Trauma/Abscess?

A 
Anorexia 
depression 
Coughing 
dyspnea
Painful swallowing
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18
Q

What is the treatment for Trauma/Abscess?

A

Drainage of Abscess to outside or drain into esophagus to be swallowed
Antibiotics

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19
Q

Actinobacillus

A

“Woody Tongue”

Affects the soft tissues causing painful, nodular lesions involving the soft tissues such as the tongue, lips, nose, infection in oral cavity leading to swelling at base of tongue, difficulty eating

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20
Q

How do you diagnose Actinobacillosis?

A

Examine pus - sulfur granules and gram negative rod shaped bacteria

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21
Q

What is the treatment for Actinobacillosis?

A

Surgical debridement and flushing wwith iodine solution
Potassium iodide orally or sodium iodide IV
Oxytetracycline or tilmicosin

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22
Q

Actinomycosis

A

“Lumpy jaw”

Affects the bone tissue usually in the mandible causing lesions to develop in the mandible or maxilla or the soft tissue after entering through oral abrasion usually a hard, immovable mass and fistulous tract

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23
Q

If the teeth become involved with Actinomycosis what is the treatment?

A

Culling

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24
Q

How do you diagnose Actinomycosis?

A

Gram positive filamentous branching organism with sulfur granules

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25
Q

What is the treatment for Actinomycosis?

A

Sodium Iodide IV once a week for several weeks
Surgical drainage of bone, abscess followed by flushing or packing with iodine
Lugol’s solution - potassium iodide plue iodine given parenterally
Radiation therapy

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26
Q

What is the most common treatment for Actinomycosis?

A

Culling

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27
Q

What causes Choke?

A

Ingestion of foreign objects

Greedy eating, dry roughages, Apples, Potatoes

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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Choke?

A

Anxiety
salivation
coughing
bloat

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29
Q

How do you diagnose Choke?

A

PE
History
think rabies
inability to pass gastric tube

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30
Q

What are the primary locations for esophageal blockage?

A

Pharyngeal inlet #1
thoracic inlet
Base of the heart
Cardia of the rumen

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31
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of oral cavity

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32
Q

What are the primary causes of Stomatitis?

A 
Trauma 
Plant awns
Foreign bodies
Malocclusion of teeth 
Chemical
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33
Q

What is Stomatitis secondary to?

A 
Bovine papular 
Wooden tongue
Foot and mouth 
Malignant catarrhal fever 
BVD 
Bluetongue
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34
Q

What is important to remember about Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Reportable Disease

Can affect horses

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35
Q

Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Formation of vesicles containing clear or yellow serous fluid
Ulcerations of the mouth, teats, and interdigital areas

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36
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis spread?

A

Poor milking hygiene

Insects

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37
Q

What causes Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Rhabdovirus

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38
Q

What causes Bovine Papular Stomatitis?

A

Parapoxvirus

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39
Q

Clinical signs of Bovine Papular Stomatitis

A

Raised reddish papules on lips, muzzle, oral mucosa, head palate or inside nostrils

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40
Q

What is important to know about Bovine Papular Stomatitis?

A

can cause painful proliferative lesions in humans

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41
Q

What is the treatment for Bovine Papular Stomatitis?

A

Palliative treatment
Soft foods or gastric tube feeding
self limiting

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42
Q

What causes Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

A

Foreign object penetration of the reticulum resulting in localized or generalized peritonitis
Can penetrate the pericardium

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43
Q

Where is the common site for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

A

Right medial wall of the reticulum

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44
Q

What is the treatment for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

A

Magnet

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45
Q

What are some sequelae to Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

A 
Diaphragmatic hernia 
Acute pericarditis
Rupture of left gastroepiploic artery 
Abscesses of the spleen, hepatic, diaphragmatic and pleura
Pneumonia 
Endocarditis
Arthritis
Nephritis 
Rupture of coronary artery or ventricular wall 
cardiac tamponade
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46
Q

What are the clinical signs of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

A 
Fever 
Anorexia 
Depressed 
decreased or absent rumen contractions 
Cranial abdominal pain 
Reluctant to move or lay down 
Expiratory grunt
arched back stance
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47
Q

What is the most common type of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

A

Non-cytopathic

48
Q

What are the two types of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

A

Cytopathic

Non-cytopathic

49
Q

What is required for Mucosal Bovine viral Diarrhea to develop?

A

Cytopathic and Non-cytopathic

50
Q

How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea transmitted?

A

Direct or Indirect

Transplacentally

51
Q

What are the acute signs of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

A 
Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage
High fever
Anorexia and depression 
Abortions 
death
52
Q

What does the outcome of infection in a pregnant animal depend on?

A

Strain of BVD
Stage of gestation
Immune status of cow

53
Q

What is the outcome of infection with BVD during the 1st and 2nd trimester?

A

fetal death or abortion

54
Q

What is the outcome of infection with BVD during 40-120 days of gestation?

A

Persistently infected

55
Q

What are the characteristics of a persistently infected calf?

A

Animal is viremic when born
poor doer and will die within 1 year
mucosal disease if the PI animal becomes infected with a cytopathic strain

56
Q

What is the outcome of BVD infection at 120-180 days of gestation?

A

Cerebellar hyperplasia

57
Q

How do you diagnose BVDV?

A

Serology
ELISA
Fluorescent antibody test on nose/eye secretions

58
Q

How do you control BVD?

A

Testing and elimination of PI animals
Can be spread in frozen semen (AI) or spread iatrogenically
Vaccination

59
Q

What toxin affects the liver and causes livestock loss worldwide?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

60
Q

How do Pyrrolizidine alkaloids damage the liver?

A

causes megalocytes and cellular death leading to fibrosis

61
Q

When do you see the clinical signs of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A

1-5 months after ingestion

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A 
Ill thrift 
Anorexia 
Depression 
Diarrhea
Ascites
Seondary Photo sensitization 
Hepatoencephalopathy
Coma 
death
63
Q

How do you diagnose Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A

Feed analysis

Liver biopsy

64
Q

Tansy Ragwort

A

Animals eating 5% or more of daily diet for periods exceeding 20 days will die

65
Q

Where do Aflatoxins com from?

A

Fungi on corn, peanuts, or cotton seed

66
Q

What do aflatoxins cause?

A

liver damage

hepatic failure

67
Q

What Mycotoxins can affect cattle?

A

Aflatoxins
Phomopsins
Sporidesmin

68
Q

What plant is Sporidesmin associated with?

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of copper toxicosis in cattle?

A

Intravenous hemolysis
depression
inappetance

70
Q

What causes release of copper from the hepatocytes?

71
Q

What causes iron induced liver failure?

A

overdose in calves

72
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Blue green algae toxicosis?

A

Hepatotoxic cyclic peptides lead to disintegration of hepatocellular cytoskeleton
Death within one hour

73
Q

Cocklebur

A

glycoside toxin carboxyatractyloside causes severe hypoglycemia and massive hepatic necrosis

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cocklebur?

A 
Depression 
dyspnea
Weakness
convulsions with opisthotonus
sudden death
75
Q

Cycads

A

glycoside cycasin causes cirrhosis, ascites, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

76
Q

Lantana

A

Contains triterpenoid compounds causing intrahepatic cholestasis

77
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lantana?

A

Anorexia
Dehydrated icteric
rumen stasis
photo sensitization

78
Q

What causes Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?

A

Clostridium hemolyticum type D

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?

A

Port wine colored urine

liver necrosis

80
Q

What is the treatment for Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?

A

Antibiotics

81
Q

How do you control Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?

A

Vaccination

Fluke Treatment

82
Q

What causes Black Disease?

A

Clostridium novyi
Immature liver fluke
Cattle grazing on irrigated pastures

83
Q

What are the clinical signs of Black Disease?

A

Sudden death
Fever
toxemia

84
Q

What bacteria causes liver abscesses?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Corynebacterium
SARA

85
Q

What are the clinical signs of Liver abscesses?

A

decreased weight gain
increased loss of weight
decreased milk production

86
Q

What causes liver asbcesses?

A

Rumenitis diets high in carbs or grain overload
Ulceration in cranial sack of rumen
Bacterial emboli

87
Q

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome - “Bloody gut”

A

Sporadic frequently fatal enteric disease of adult dairy cattle
Seen during the first 3-4 months of lactation

88
Q

Clinical signs of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome?

A

massive hemorrhage into the small intestine with subsequent intraluminal formation of large clot and casts of blood that create intestinal obstruction

89
Q

What may be the cause of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type A
Salmonella
BVDV
Aspergillus

90
Q

How do you prevent Blood Gut?

A

Vaccination - C. perfringens Type A toxoid, Type C and D vaccine

91
Q

What is the most common condition of mature high producing Cows?

A

Fatty liver

92
Q

When do you usually see fatty liver in cows?

A

1-2 weeks post calving

93
Q

What is the cause of fatty liver in cows?

A

Negative energy balance
Periparturient depression of feed intake contributes
Post partum metritis or mastitis
lipid accumulation triggered by increasing serum NEFA concentration

94
Q

What are the clinical signs of Fatty Liver in cows?

A

Depression
anorexia
ketonuria
death in 7-10 days

95
Q

How quickly does Fatty liver happen?

A

Within 48 hours

96
Q

What causes Johne’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

97
Q

How is Johne’s disease transmitted?

A

Ingestion - contaminated mil, water or feed
Shed in milk and colostrum
Intrauterine

98
Q

What tissue is the target for Johne’s disease?

A

GI tract- Peyer’s patches in the Ileum

99
Q

What are the clinical signs of Johne’s disease?

A

PLE leading to bottlejaw
persistent diarrhea
weight loss with good appetite

100
Q

what is the age for animals with Johne’s disease?

101
Q

what is an iceberg disease?

A

a disease that is indicative of bigger problems

102
Q

How long does it take to eliminate Johne’s Disease from a herd?

A

7-20 years

103
Q

How do you diagnose Johne’s Disease?

A 
culture and isolation 
PCR 
Antibody (blood or milk) test 
ELISA
AGID
104
Q

How do you control Johne’s Disease?

A

cull
ELISA
Biosecurity
raise calves separately from adults

105
Q

what is the common disease of livestock?

A

Salmonellosis

106
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

107
Q

What causes an animal to suffer from Salmonellosis?

A

immunosuppression
stress
dietary changes causing SARA

108
Q

What is the most common form of Salmonella in calves?

109
Q

What are the clinical signs of Peracute Salmonellosis?

A 
Fever 
depression 
dehydration
diarrhea 
abdominal pain 
yellow feces with blood
110
Q

What are the clinical signs for Acute Salomellosis?

A

Bloody Diarrhea

fever

111
Q

What are the clinical signs off Chronic Salmonellosis?

A

Abortion
mastitis
Fever
water diarrhea

112
Q

How do you control Salmonella?

A

Sanitation
Chlorinate water supply
Vaccination

113
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella?

A

Fluids and electrolytes
NSAIDs
Antimicrobials
Clean environment

114
Q

What is the most common bacteria found in the environment?

115
Q

What are the clinical signs of E.coli?

A

severe watery Diarrhea

dehydration

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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