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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine GI > Flashcards

Bovine GI Flashcards

1
Q

What do old cows living in a sandy area die from?

A

Dental Attrition

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2
Q

Cleft palate

A

palate closes from rostral to caudal, defect is always in back. Milk comes out of nose when head is down.

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3
Q

In what breed is Cleft palate inherited?

A

Charolais

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4
Q

What causes pitting of teeth?

A

Fluorosis, weak teeth

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5
Q

What causes fluorosis?

A

Areas with a lot of factories. High levels of fluoride get into the air and then into the soil and the grass.

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6
Q

How do you diagnose Fluorosis?

A

by removing bone from tail and have it analyzed

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7
Q

Brachygnathia

A

Short mandible or a “weak jaw”

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8
Q

Adamantonoma

A

tumor of the teeth

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9
Q

What is the treatment for Adamantonoma?

A

Culling

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10
Q

Ptyalism

A

Excessive salivation

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11
Q

DDx for Ptyalism

A 
choke
ruminal and abomasal problems 
toxicities
rabies
side effects of xylazine
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12
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland

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13
Q

How do you treat Sialadenitis?

A

Reduce swelling
Drain abscess
broad spectrum Abx
Wounds and infections of glands usually heal by second intention

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14
Q

What can a Sialadenitis lead to?

A

Salivary cyst

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15
Q

Salivary gland neoplasia

A

Pleomorphic carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What is the cause for Trauma/Abscess?

A

Iatrogenic
Frick Spectrum
Balling gun

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Trauma/Abscess?

A 
Anorexia 
depression 
Coughing 
dyspnea
Painful swallowing
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18
Q

What is the treatment for Trauma/Abscess?

A

Drainage of Abscess to outside or drain into esophagus to be swallowed
Antibiotics

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19
Q

Actinobacillus

A

“Woody Tongue”

Affects the soft tissues causing painful, nodular lesions involving the soft tissues such as the tongue, lips, nose, infection in oral cavity leading to swelling at base of tongue, difficulty eating

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20
Q

How do you diagnose Actinobacillosis?

A

Examine pus - sulfur granules and gram negative rod shaped bacteria

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21
Q

What is the treatment for Actinobacillosis?

A

Surgical debridement and flushing wwith iodine solution
Potassium iodide orally or sodium iodide IV
Oxytetracycline or tilmicosin

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22
Q

Actinomycosis

A

“Lumpy jaw”

Affects the bone tissue usually in the mandible causing lesions to develop in the mandible or maxilla or the soft tissue after entering through oral abrasion usually a hard, immovable mass and fistulous tract

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23
Q

If the teeth become involved with Actinomycosis what is the treatment?

A

Culling

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24
Q

How do you diagnose Actinomycosis?

A

Gram positive filamentous branching organism with sulfur granules

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25
What is the treatment for Actinomycosis?
Sodium Iodide IV once a week for several weeks Surgical drainage of bone, abscess followed by flushing or packing with iodine Lugol's solution - potassium iodide plue iodine given parenterally Radiation therapy
26
What is the most common treatment for Actinomycosis?
Culling
27
What causes Choke?
Ingestion of foreign objects | Greedy eating, dry roughages, Apples, Potatoes
28
What are the clinical signs of Choke?
Anxiety salivation coughing bloat
29
How do you diagnose Choke?
PE History think rabies inability to pass gastric tube
30
What are the primary locations for esophageal blockage?
Pharyngeal inlet #1 thoracic inlet Base of the heart Cardia of the rumen
31
Stomatitis
Inflammation of oral cavity
32
What are the primary causes of Stomatitis?
``` Trauma Plant awns Foreign bodies Malocclusion of teeth Chemical ```
33
What is Stomatitis secondary to?
``` Bovine papular Wooden tongue Foot and mouth Malignant catarrhal fever BVD Bluetongue ```
34
What is important to remember about Vesicular Stomatitis?
Reportable Disease | Can affect horses
35
Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis
Formation of vesicles containing clear or yellow serous fluid Ulcerations of the mouth, teats, and interdigital areas
36
How is vesicular stomatitis spread?
Poor milking hygiene | Insects
37
What causes Vesicular Stomatitis?
Rhabdovirus
38
What causes Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
Parapoxvirus
39
Clinical signs of Bovine Papular Stomatitis
Raised reddish papules on lips, muzzle, oral mucosa, head palate or inside nostrils
40
What is important to know about Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
can cause painful proliferative lesions in humans
41
What is the treatment for Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
Palliative treatment Soft foods or gastric tube feeding self limiting
42
What causes Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Foreign object penetration of the reticulum resulting in localized or generalized peritonitis Can penetrate the pericardium
43
Where is the common site for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Right medial wall of the reticulum
44
What is the treatment for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Magnet
45
What are some sequelae to Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
``` Diaphragmatic hernia Acute pericarditis Rupture of left gastroepiploic artery Abscesses of the spleen, hepatic, diaphragmatic and pleura Pneumonia Endocarditis Arthritis Nephritis Rupture of coronary artery or ventricular wall cardiac tamponade ```
46
What are the clinical signs of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
``` Fever Anorexia Depressed decreased or absent rumen contractions Cranial abdominal pain Reluctant to move or lay down Expiratory grunt arched back stance ```
47
What is the most common type of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
Non-cytopathic
48
What are the two types of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
Cytopathic | Non-cytopathic
49
What is required for Mucosal Bovine viral Diarrhea to develop?
Cytopathic and Non-cytopathic
50
How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea transmitted?
Direct or Indirect | Transplacentally
51
What are the acute signs of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
``` Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage High fever Anorexia and depression Abortions death ```
52
What does the outcome of infection in a pregnant animal depend on?
Strain of BVD Stage of gestation Immune status of cow
53
What is the outcome of infection with BVD during the 1st and 2nd trimester?
fetal death or abortion
54
What is the outcome of infection with BVD during 40-120 days of gestation?
Persistently infected
55
What are the characteristics of a persistently infected calf?
Animal is viremic when born poor doer and will die within 1 year mucosal disease if the PI animal becomes infected with a cytopathic strain
56
What is the outcome of BVD infection at 120-180 days of gestation?
Cerebellar hyperplasia
57
How do you diagnose BVDV?
Serology ELISA Fluorescent antibody test on nose/eye secretions
58
How do you control BVD?
Testing and elimination of PI animals Can be spread in frozen semen (AI) or spread iatrogenically Vaccination
59
What toxin affects the liver and causes livestock loss worldwide?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
60
How do Pyrrolizidine alkaloids damage the liver?
causes megalocytes and cellular death leading to fibrosis
61
When do you see the clinical signs of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?
1-5 months after ingestion
62
What are the clinical signs of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?
``` Ill thrift Anorexia Depression Diarrhea Ascites Seondary Photo sensitization Hepatoencephalopathy Coma death ```
63
How do you diagnose Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?
Feed analysis | Liver biopsy
64
Tansy Ragwort
Animals eating 5% or more of daily diet for periods exceeding 20 days will die
65
Where do Aflatoxins com from?
Fungi on corn, peanuts, or cotton seed
66
What do aflatoxins cause?
liver damage | hepatic failure
67
What Mycotoxins can affect cattle?
Aflatoxins Phomopsins Sporidesmin
68
What plant is Sporidesmin associated with?
Rye grass
69
What are the clinical signs of copper toxicosis in cattle?
Intravenous hemolysis depression inappetance
70
What causes release of copper from the hepatocytes?
Stress
71
What causes iron induced liver failure?
overdose in calves
72
What is the pathophysiology of Blue green algae toxicosis?
Hepatotoxic cyclic peptides lead to disintegration of hepatocellular cytoskeleton Death within one hour
73
Cocklebur
glycoside toxin carboxyatractyloside causes severe hypoglycemia and massive hepatic necrosis
74
What are the clinical signs of Cocklebur?
``` Depression dyspnea Weakness convulsions with opisthotonus sudden death ```
75
Cycads
glycoside cycasin causes cirrhosis, ascites, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
76
Lantana
Contains triterpenoid compounds causing intrahepatic cholestasis
77
What are the clinical signs of Lantana?
Anorexia Dehydrated icteric rumen stasis photo sensitization
78
What causes Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?
Clostridium hemolyticum type D
79
What are the clinical signs of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?
Port wine colored urine | liver necrosis
80
What is the treatment for Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?
Antibiotics
81
How do you control Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?
Vaccination | Fluke Treatment
82
What causes Black Disease?
Clostridium novyi Immature liver fluke Cattle grazing on irrigated pastures
83
What are the clinical signs of Black Disease?
Sudden death Fever toxemia
84
What bacteria causes liver abscesses?
Fusobacterium necrophorum Corynebacterium SARA
85
What are the clinical signs of Liver abscesses?
decreased weight gain increased loss of weight decreased milk production
86
What causes liver asbcesses?
Rumenitis diets high in carbs or grain overload Ulceration in cranial sack of rumen Bacterial emboli
87
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome - "Bloody gut"
Sporadic frequently fatal enteric disease of adult dairy cattle Seen during the first 3-4 months of lactation
88
Clinical signs of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome?
massive hemorrhage into the small intestine with subsequent intraluminal formation of large clot and casts of blood that create intestinal obstruction
89
What may be the cause of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome?
Clostridium perfringens Type A Salmonella BVDV Aspergillus
90
How do you prevent Blood Gut?
Vaccination - C. perfringens Type A toxoid, Type C and D vaccine
91
What is the most common condition of mature high producing Cows?
Fatty liver
92
When do you usually see fatty liver in cows?
1-2 weeks post calving
93
What is the cause of fatty liver in cows?
Negative energy balance Periparturient depression of feed intake contributes Post partum metritis or mastitis lipid accumulation triggered by increasing serum NEFA concentration
94
What are the clinical signs of Fatty Liver in cows?
Depression anorexia ketonuria death in 7-10 days
95
How quickly does Fatty liver happen?
Within 48 hours
96
What causes Johne's disease?
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
97
How is Johne's disease transmitted?
Ingestion - contaminated mil, water or feed Shed in milk and colostrum Intrauterine
98
What tissue is the target for Johne's disease?
GI tract- Peyer's patches in the Ileum
99
What are the clinical signs of Johne's disease?
PLE leading to bottlejaw persistent diarrhea weight loss with good appetite
100
what is the age for animals with Johne's disease?
3-5 years
101
what is an iceberg disease?
a disease that is indicative of bigger problems
102
How long does it take to eliminate Johne's Disease from a herd?
7-20 years
103
How do you diagnose Johne's Disease?
``` culture and isolation PCR Antibody (blood or milk) test ELISA AGID ```
104
How do you control Johne's Disease?
cull ELISA Biosecurity raise calves separately from adults
105
what is the common disease of livestock?
Salmonellosis
106
How is Salmonella transmitted?
Fecal-oral
107
What causes an animal to suffer from Salmonellosis?
immunosuppression stress dietary changes causing SARA
108
What is the most common form of Salmonella in calves?
Peracute
109
What are the clinical signs of Peracute Salmonellosis?
``` Fever depression dehydration diarrhea abdominal pain yellow feces with blood ```
110
What are the clinical signs for Acute Salomellosis?
Bloody Diarrhea | fever
111
What are the clinical signs off Chronic Salmonellosis?
Abortion mastitis Fever water diarrhea
112
How do you control Salmonella?
Sanitation Chlorinate water supply Vaccination
113
What is the treatment for Salmonella?
Fluids and electrolytes NSAIDs Antimicrobials Clean environment
114
What is the most common bacteria found in the environment?
E. Coli
115
What are the clinical signs of E.coli?
severe watery Diarrhea | dehydration

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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