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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine Urology > Flashcards

Bovine Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What should you look for in the urethral area of males?

A

Hematomas

Ruptured urethra

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2
Q

“Water belly”

A

Ruptured urethra

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3
Q

In what animals would you use Radiography in urology?

A

Young and small ruminants

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4
Q

Cow Micturition

A

Usually urinate right after standing
Arched back, raised tail, straddled legs
May urinate when eating, walking, or lying down

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5
Q

Bull Micturition

A

Arched back, raised tail

may dribble urine or urinate with repeated short pulsations

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6
Q

How do you collect urine in cows?

A

Stimulate vulva or catheterize (“feather”)

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7
Q

How do you collect urine in the bull?

A

Preputial massage

Catheterization too difficult

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8
Q

How do you collect urine in a ewe?

A

Hold of nose

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9
Q

Why can you not catheterize a bull or steer?

A

Sigmoid flexure

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10
Q

How many times a day do sheep and goats urinate?

A

1-3/day

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11
Q

How many times a day do cattle urinate?

A

5-6/day

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12
Q

How many times a day do swine urinate?

A

2-3/day

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13
Q

How much do sheep and goats urinate per day?

A

10-40ml/kg

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14
Q

How much do Cattle urinate per day?

A

17-45ml/kg

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15
Q

How much do swine urinate per day?

A

5-30ml/kg

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16
Q

Where is the left kidney located?

A

3rd-5th lumbar vertebra

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17
Q

Where is the right kidney located?

A

12th thoracic - 3rd lumbar vertebra

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18
Q

Describe the kidney n the bovine

A

Lobulated

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19
Q

Describe normal urine characteristics

A

Water viscosity
Straw or amber colored
Clear, transparent
pH 7-8

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20
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of cows?

A

1.020-1.040

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21
Q

What are the differentials of Hematuria?

A 
Pyelonephritis
cystitis
urolithiasis
enzootic hematuria
embolic nephritis
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22
Q

What are the differentials of Hemoglobinuria?

A 
Leptospirosis 
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
copper toxicity 
post-parturient hemoglobinuria
cold water intoxication
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23
Q

What are the differentials of Myoglobinuria?

A

Cassia toxicity

capture myopathy

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24
Q

Describe BUN and CREA relationship in bovine urine

A

Creatinine may increase more quickly than BUN due to the ruminant’s ability to recycle urea through the rumen

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25
What is common in small ruminants?
Obstructive urolithiasis
26
What are the predisposing factors for Obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Castrated males with decreased diameter of urethra increased urine concentration urine stasis increased urine pH increase mineral excretion decreased urinary colloids desquamated epithelial cells UT infections Increased urinary mucoproteins ```
27
What are the dietary influences involved with Struvite and/or calcium phosphate obstructive urolithiasis?
``` High concentrate diets Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and/or phosphorus Low Calcium Phosphorus ratio Pelleted rations Vitamin A deficiency ```
28
What are the dietary influences involved with Calcium carbonate and/or calcium oxalate obstructive urolithiasis?
Legumes Apples Sweet potatoes Dock Pigweed
29
What kind of urine do most calculi form in?
alkaline
30
What factors favor development of obstruction?
Long convoluted urethra sigmoid flexure Early castration Exogenous estrogens
31
What exogenous estrogens can contribute to obstruction?
Clover | Feedlot cattle with implants
32
What are the common sites for obstruction in the urinary tract?
Urethral process | Distal sigmoid flexure
33
Struvite
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
34
Apatite
Calcium phosphate
35
What does prolonged partial obstruction cause?
Hydroureter Hydronephrosis Bladder wall damage Urethral strictures
36
Clinical signs of Obstructive urolithiasis
``` Stranguria Urethral pulsations without urination Anorexia Mild bloat Kicking @ abdomen Tail switching Vocalization Palpable bladder distention Azotemia ```
37
What are the clinical findings of obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Blood or crystals on preputial hairs Mild urethral swelling at site of obstruction Preputial/rectal prolapse Tachypnea Tachycardia Metabolic abnormalities ```
38
What are the clinical findings for obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Elevated creatinine Hyponatremia Hypochloremia Hyperkalemia Creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2 times serum ```
39
What is the sequelae to untreated obstruction?
Ruptured urethra with accumulation of SQ urine ventrally Ruptured bladder with development of uroperitoneum Subcutaneous urine accumulation leads to necrosis and skin slough if not drained
40
What are the clinical signs of ruptured urethra?
Ventral and preputial edema Aspirated fluid smells like urine when heated Signs of uremia Preputial adhesions in Chronic cases, skin and SQ tissues begin to slough
41
Clinical signs of Ruptured bladder
``` Pain may subside Gradual abdominal distension Depression and anorexia Signs of uremia Large amounts of abdominal fluid with abdominal ultrasonography Clear fluid on abdominal tap ```
42
What is the medical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Phenothiazine tranquilizers IV fluids - 0.9% NaCl Slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochar Paramedian skin incision to drain urine Antibiotics Urinary acidifiers ```
43
What is the surgical management for obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Amputation of urethral process Urethral catheterization/ retrograde flushing Perineal urethrostomy Tube cystotomy Ischial urethrostomy Cystostomy ```
44
What is the treatment of urethral obstruction?
Antispasmodics: Acepromazine Urethral catheterization Urethral Bladder lavage
45
What is the surgical treatment for Urethral obstruction in animals bound for slaughter?
Urethrostomy Penile Amputation Urethrotomy
46
What is the surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis in breeding animals and pets?
Tube cystostomy | Bladder marsupialization
47
What is a useful surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiamsis in small ruminants and calves?
Tube cystotomy
48
What is the advantage of Urinary Bladder marsupialization?
long term resolution of urinary obstruction in small ruminants not intended for slaughter
49
What is a complication of Urinary Bladder marsupialization
Urine Scald
50
How do you treat Urethral Rupture?
Urethrostomy Penile Amputation Tube cystostomy
51
How do you treat Ruptured bladder?
Tube cystostomy for breeding animals and pets | Urethrostomy with catheterization to allow bladder to heal
52
What is a salvage procedure of the urinary system?
Perineal urethrostomy
53
How do you prevent obstructive urolithiasis?
``` Delay castration Recommend female pets Increased water uptake Avoid grain supplements in pets Avoid legume hay Avoid excess protein Urinary acidifiers: Ammonium chloride ```
54
What causes ascending urinary tract infections?
``` Stagnation of urine flow from dehydration Downer cows Infected urachus Cystotomy tubes Trauma from uroliths ```
55
What causes Pyelonephritis?
Opportunistic/environmental pathogens | Infectious pathogens
56
Clinical signs of UTI/Pyelonephritis
``` Ill thrift Fever Vague colic signs Stranguria Purulent material or blood in urine ```
57
What is the treatment for UTI/Pyelonephritis?
Culture and sensitivity Penicillins and Beta-lactams Promoting diuresis
58
What causes Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium renale
59
What are the clinical signs of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?
``` Hematuria Pollakiuria pyuria Thickened bladder wall enlarged ureters painful kidney RBCs, WBCs, protein, and bacteria in UA ```
60
Treatment for Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?
Penicillin for 2 weeks | Nephrectomy
61
Ulcerative Posthitis and vulvitis
C. renale hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia in urine of animals on high protein diet which excreting high level of urea in long haired animals causing swelling + preputial prolapse or ulcers and distort vuvlar commisure
62
What is the treatment for Ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?
Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment Dry environment Penicillin Reduce protein in the diet Petercillin: Lanolin + Scarlet Oil + Oxytetracycline
63
What agent causes Necrotic Posthitis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
64
Necrotic Posthitis
Necrosis of the prepuce usually in wet feedlot pens from Fusobacterium necrophorum
65
What is the treatment for Necrotic Posthitis?
Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment Dry environment Penicillin
66
"Thin sow syndrome"
Corynebacterium suis causing cystitis and pyelonephritis
67
How is Corynebacterium suis transmitted?
Venereal
68
What is the treatment of Corynebacterium suis?
Penicillin
69
What does Leptospirosis Pomona cause?
severe hemolytic disease interstitial nephritis tubular necrosis in calves
70
What does Leptospirosis grippotyphosa cause?
severe hemolytic disease interstitial nephritis tubular necrosis in calves
71
How do you diagnose Lepto?
``` Microscopic agglutination test Phase contract microscopy dark-field microscopy immunofluorescent antibody test PCR ```
72
Lepto Treatment
Tetracyclines | Penicillins
73
How do you prevent Lepto?
Vaccination | Remove access to standing water
74
Embolic nephritis
Bacteria lodge in small vessels/ create infarcts in kidney | Treat with antibiotics
75
What are the Nephrotoxic metal agents?
``` Arsenic Mercury Lead Zinc Copper ```
76
What are the Antimicrobial Nephrotoxic agents?
``` Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Sulfonamides Ionophores NSAIDs ```
77
What are the Nephrotoxic plants?
Amaranthus retroflexus Lilium Quercus Xanthium
78
What are the Nephrotoxic agents?
Ethylene glycol Vitamin C overdose Vitamin D overdose Mycotoxin
79
What does Amaranthus retroflexus cause?
Perirenal edema and kidney pathology | Death due to hyperkalemia
80
What causes Bovine Enzootic Hematuria?
Bracken fern
81
What does Bracken fern cause?
intermittent hematuria | bladder neoplasia = transitional cell carcinoma
82
What does Oak poisoning cause?
``` Hepatotoxic nephrotoxic precipitation of proteins gastroenteritis hemorrhages edema renal lesions ```
83
What are the toxic principles of Oak poisoning?
Tannin | Gallotanin
84
What are the clincal signs of Renal amyloidosis?
Hypoproteinemia Proteinuria edema diarrhea
85
What is the treatment of Renal amyloidosis?
No treatment
86
What are the congenital defects of the urinary system?
Patent urachus Urachal abscess Polycystic kidney Renal oxalosis
87
When does Patent urachus occur?
following C-section
88
What are the common causes of Urachal abscess?
A. pyogenes E. coli Strep spp Staphylococcus spp
89
What is the treatment for Urachal abscess?
Surgical resection
90
Polycystic kidney
enlarged kidneys with large cysts or several small cysts
91
What happens if polycystic kidney is unilateral?
other kidney compensates
92
What happens if polycystic kidney is bilateral?
calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth
93
Renal oxalosis
Cows exposed to excess oxalate levels deposits in fetal glomeruli, tubules & collecting ducts Neonates also usually have cardiac and/or musculoskeletal defects as well
94
What are the clinical signs of Urachal vestiges?
dysuria pollakiuria stranguria
95
What neoplasia is common in the external genitalia?
Fibropapilloma | Squamous cell carcinoma
96
What neoplasia is common in the kidney?
Lymphosarcoma Adenoma Nephroblastoma
97
What neoplasia is common in the bladder?
Transitional cell carcinoma

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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