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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine Urology > Flashcards

Bovine Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What should you look for in the urethral area of males?

A

Hematomas

Ruptured urethra

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2
Q

“Water belly”

A

Ruptured urethra

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3
Q

In what animals would you use Radiography in urology?

A

Young and small ruminants

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4
Q

Cow Micturition

A

Usually urinate right after standing
Arched back, raised tail, straddled legs
May urinate when eating, walking, or lying down

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5
Q

Bull Micturition

A

Arched back, raised tail

may dribble urine or urinate with repeated short pulsations

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6
Q

How do you collect urine in cows?

A

Stimulate vulva or catheterize (“feather”)

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7
Q

How do you collect urine in the bull?

A

Preputial massage

Catheterization too difficult

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8
Q

How do you collect urine in a ewe?

A

Hold of nose

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9
Q

Why can you not catheterize a bull or steer?

A

Sigmoid flexure

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10
Q

How many times a day do sheep and goats urinate?

A

1-3/day

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11
Q

How many times a day do cattle urinate?

A

5-6/day

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12
Q

How many times a day do swine urinate?

A

2-3/day

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13
Q

How much do sheep and goats urinate per day?

A

10-40ml/kg

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14
Q

How much do Cattle urinate per day?

A

17-45ml/kg

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15
Q

How much do swine urinate per day?

A

5-30ml/kg

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16
Q

Where is the left kidney located?

A

3rd-5th lumbar vertebra

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17
Q

Where is the right kidney located?

A

12th thoracic - 3rd lumbar vertebra

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18
Q

Describe the kidney n the bovine

A

Lobulated

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19
Q

Describe normal urine characteristics

A

Water viscosity
Straw or amber colored
Clear, transparent
pH 7-8

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20
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of cows?

A

1.020-1.040

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21
Q

What are the differentials of Hematuria?

A 
Pyelonephritis
cystitis
urolithiasis
enzootic hematuria
embolic nephritis
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22
Q

What are the differentials of Hemoglobinuria?

A 
Leptospirosis 
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
copper toxicity 
post-parturient hemoglobinuria
cold water intoxication
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23
Q

What are the differentials of Myoglobinuria?

A

Cassia toxicity

capture myopathy

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24
Q

Describe BUN and CREA relationship in bovine urine

A

Creatinine may increase more quickly than BUN due to the ruminant’s ability to recycle urea through the rumen

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25
Q

What is common in small ruminants?

A

Obstructive urolithiasis

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26
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Castrated males with decreased diameter of urethra 
increased urine concentration 
urine stasis
increased urine pH
increase mineral excretion 
decreased urinary colloids
desquamated epithelial cells 
UT infections 
Increased urinary mucoproteins
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27
Q

What are the dietary influences involved with Struvite and/or calcium phosphate obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
High concentrate diets
Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and/or phosphorus
Low Calcium Phosphorus ratio
Pelleted rations 
Vitamin A deficiency
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28
Q

What are the dietary influences involved with Calcium carbonate and/or calcium oxalate obstructive urolithiasis?

A

Legumes
Apples
Sweet potatoes
Dock Pigweed

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29
Q

What kind of urine do most calculi form in?

A

alkaline

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30
Q

What factors favor development of obstruction?

A

Long convoluted urethra
sigmoid flexure
Early castration
Exogenous estrogens

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31
Q

What exogenous estrogens can contribute to obstruction?

A

Clover

Feedlot cattle with implants

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32
Q

What are the common sites for obstruction in the urinary tract?

A

Urethral process

Distal sigmoid flexure

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33
Q

Struvite

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

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34
Q

Apatite

A

Calcium phosphate

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35
Q

What does prolonged partial obstruction cause?

A

Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Bladder wall damage
Urethral strictures

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36
Q

Clinical signs of Obstructive urolithiasis

A 
Stranguria
Urethral pulsations without urination 
Anorexia
Mild bloat 
Kicking @ abdomen
Tail switching
Vocalization 
Palpable bladder distention 
Azotemia
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37
Q

What are the clinical findings of obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Blood or crystals on preputial hairs
Mild urethral swelling at site of obstruction 
Preputial/rectal prolapse
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Metabolic abnormalities
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38
Q

What are the clinical findings for obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Elevated creatinine
Hyponatremia
Hypochloremia
Hyperkalemia
Creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2 times serum
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39
Q

What is the sequelae to untreated obstruction?

A

Ruptured urethra with accumulation of SQ urine ventrally
Ruptured bladder with development of uroperitoneum
Subcutaneous urine accumulation leads to necrosis and skin slough if not drained

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of ruptured urethra?

A

Ventral and preputial edema
Aspirated fluid smells like urine when heated
Signs of uremia
Preputial adhesions
in Chronic cases, skin and SQ tissues begin to slough

41
Q

Clinical signs of Ruptured bladder

A 
Pain may subside 
Gradual abdominal distension 
Depression and anorexia
Signs of uremia
Large amounts of abdominal fluid with abdominal ultrasonography 
Clear fluid on abdominal tap
42
Q

What is the medical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Phenothiazine tranquilizers 
IV fluids - 0.9% NaCl
Slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochar 
Paramedian skin incision to drain urine
Antibiotics
Urinary acidifiers
43
Q

What is the surgical management for obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Amputation of urethral process
Urethral catheterization/ retrograde flushing 
Perineal urethrostomy 
Tube cystotomy 
Ischial urethrostomy
Cystostomy
44
Q

What is the treatment of urethral obstruction?

A

Antispasmodics: Acepromazine
Urethral catheterization
Urethral Bladder lavage

45
Q

What is the surgical treatment for Urethral obstruction in animals bound for slaughter?

A

Urethrostomy
Penile Amputation
Urethrotomy

46
Q

What is the surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis in breeding animals and pets?

A

Tube cystostomy

Bladder marsupialization

47
Q

What is a useful surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiamsis in small ruminants and calves?

A

Tube cystotomy

48
Q

What is the advantage of Urinary Bladder marsupialization?

A

long term resolution of urinary obstruction in small ruminants not intended for slaughter

49
Q

What is a complication of Urinary Bladder marsupialization

A

Urine Scald

50
Q

How do you treat Urethral Rupture?

A

Urethrostomy
Penile Amputation
Tube cystostomy

51
Q

How do you treat Ruptured bladder?

A

Tube cystostomy for breeding animals and pets

Urethrostomy with catheterization to allow bladder to heal

52
Q

What is a salvage procedure of the urinary system?

A

Perineal urethrostomy

53
Q

How do you prevent obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Delay castration 
Recommend female pets
Increased water uptake
Avoid grain supplements in pets 
Avoid legume hay 
Avoid excess protein
Urinary acidifiers: Ammonium chloride
54
Q

What causes ascending urinary tract infections?

A 
Stagnation of urine flow from dehydration 
Downer cows 
Infected urachus 
Cystotomy tubes
Trauma from uroliths
55
Q

What causes Pyelonephritis?

A

Opportunistic/environmental pathogens

Infectious pathogens

56
Q

Clinical signs of UTI/Pyelonephritis

A 
Ill thrift
Fever
Vague colic signs 
Stranguria
Purulent material or blood in urine
57
Q

What is the treatment for UTI/Pyelonephritis?

A

Culture and sensitivity
Penicillins and Beta-lactams
Promoting diuresis

58
Q

What causes Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?

A

Corynebacterium renale

59
Q

What are the clinical signs of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?

A 
Hematuria 
Pollakiuria
pyuria
Thickened bladder wall 
enlarged ureters
painful kidney
RBCs, WBCs, protein, and bacteria in UA
60
Q

Treatment for Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?

A

Penicillin for 2 weeks

Nephrectomy

61
Q

Ulcerative Posthitis and vulvitis

A

C. renale hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia in urine of animals on high protein diet which excreting high level of urea in long haired animals causing swelling + preputial prolapse or ulcers and distort vuvlar commisure

62
Q

What is the treatment for Ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?

A

Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment
Dry environment
Penicillin
Reduce protein in the diet
Petercillin: Lanolin + Scarlet Oil + Oxytetracycline

63
Q

What agent causes Necrotic Posthitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

64
Q

Necrotic Posthitis

A

Necrosis of the prepuce usually in wet feedlot pens from Fusobacterium necrophorum

65
Q

What is the treatment for Necrotic Posthitis?

A

Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment
Dry environment
Penicillin

66
Q

“Thin sow syndrome”

A

Corynebacterium suis causing cystitis and pyelonephritis

67
Q

How is Corynebacterium suis transmitted?

A

Venereal

68
Q

What is the treatment of Corynebacterium suis?

A

Penicillin

69
Q

What does Leptospirosis Pomona cause?

A

severe hemolytic disease
interstitial nephritis
tubular necrosis in calves

70
Q

What does Leptospirosis grippotyphosa cause?

A

severe hemolytic disease
interstitial nephritis
tubular necrosis in calves

71
Q

How do you diagnose Lepto?

A 
Microscopic agglutination test
Phase contract microscopy
dark-field microscopy
immunofluorescent antibody test 
PCR
72
Q

Lepto Treatment

A

Tetracyclines

Penicillins

73
Q

How do you prevent Lepto?

A

Vaccination

Remove access to standing water

74
Q

Embolic nephritis

A

Bacteria lodge in small vessels/ create infarcts in kidney

Treat with antibiotics

75
Q

What are the Nephrotoxic metal agents?

A 
Arsenic 
Mercury 
Lead
Zinc 
Copper
76
Q

What are the Antimicrobial Nephrotoxic agents?

A 
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Ionophores
NSAIDs
77
Q

What are the Nephrotoxic plants?

A

Amaranthus retroflexus
Lilium
Quercus
Xanthium

78
Q

What are the Nephrotoxic agents?

A

Ethylene glycol
Vitamin C overdose
Vitamin D overdose
Mycotoxin

79
Q

What does Amaranthus retroflexus cause?

A

Perirenal edema and kidney pathology

Death due to hyperkalemia

80
Q

What causes Bovine Enzootic Hematuria?

A

Bracken fern

81
Q

What does Bracken fern cause?

A

intermittent hematuria

bladder neoplasia = transitional cell carcinoma

82
Q

What does Oak poisoning cause?

A 
Hepatotoxic
nephrotoxic
precipitation of proteins 
gastroenteritis
hemorrhages
edema
renal lesions
83
Q

What are the toxic principles of Oak poisoning?

A

Tannin

Gallotanin

84
Q

What are the clincal signs of Renal amyloidosis?

A

Hypoproteinemia
Proteinuria
edema
diarrhea

85
Q

What is the treatment of Renal amyloidosis?

A

No treatment

86
Q

What are the congenital defects of the urinary system?

A

Patent urachus
Urachal abscess
Polycystic kidney
Renal oxalosis

87
Q

When does Patent urachus occur?

A

following C-section

88
Q

What are the common causes of Urachal abscess?

A

A. pyogenes
E. coli
Strep spp
Staphylococcus spp

89
Q

What is the treatment for Urachal abscess?

A

Surgical resection

90
Q

Polycystic kidney

A

enlarged kidneys with large cysts or several small cysts

91
Q

What happens if polycystic kidney is unilateral?

A

other kidney compensates

92
Q

What happens if polycystic kidney is bilateral?

A

calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth

93
Q

Renal oxalosis

A

Cows exposed to excess oxalate levels deposits in fetal glomeruli, tubules & collecting ducts
Neonates also usually have cardiac and/or musculoskeletal defects as well

94
Q

What are the clinical signs of Urachal vestiges?

A

dysuria
pollakiuria
stranguria

95
Q

What neoplasia is common in the external genitalia?

A

Fibropapilloma

Squamous cell carcinoma

96
Q

What neoplasia is common in the kidney?

A

Lymphosarcoma
Adenoma
Nephroblastoma

97
Q

What neoplasia is common in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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