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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Actinobacilllosis common in sheep?

A

Submaxillary regions

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2
Q

What is the cause of Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine deficiency

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3
Q

Risk factors for Polioencephalomalacia?

A

High sulfate intake
Amprolium
Thiaminases caused by bacterial overgrowth

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4
Q

What drugs cause Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Amprolium
Acepromazine
Levamisole
Thiabendazole

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of Polioencephalomalacia?

A 
Head tremors
Head pressing 
Star gazing 
blindness
Recumbence 
convulsions 
Rumen inactivity 
Death
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6
Q

Treatment for Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine Hydrochloride
Dietary change
Transfaunation?

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7
Q

What is the common name of Coccidiosis in sheep?

A

Mucky butt

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for Coccidiosis in sheep?

A 
Weaning 
Overcrowding 
Wet environment 
Feet and feces in feeders 
Poor nutrition
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9
Q

What are the clinical findings of Coccidiosis in sheep?

A 
Diarrhea 
ill thrift 
Blood in feces 
Anorexia 
weight loss
emaciation 
Recumbence 
Death
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10
Q

Treatment options for Coccidiosis in sheep?

A

Sulfonamides - 5 day course
Amprolium - 5 day course
Ionophores - 5 day course

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Haemonchus in sheep?

A

Anemia
Hypoproteinemia = Bottle Jaw
Diarrhea

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12
Q

Diagnostic test for Haemonchus in sheep and goats?

A

FAMACHA

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Lungworms (Dictyocaulus filarial or Mullerius capillaris) in sheep and goats?

A

Coughing

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14
Q

What is the intermediate host for Lungworms (Dictyocaulus filarial or Mullerius capillaris) in sheep and goats?

A

Snails

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15
Q

What is the transmission of Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis)?

A

White tailed deer to small ruminants by ingestion of snails or slugs

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of the Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

Sudden onset of recumbency

BAR

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17
Q

Treatment of Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

High levels of fenbendazole and corticosteroids for spinal inflammation

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18
Q

How do you prevent Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

Ivermectin monthly

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nasal Bot (Oestrus ovis) in sheep?

A

Mucopurulent nasal discharge
Sneezing
sniffling

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20
Q

What is the transmission of Monezia in sheep and goats?

A

Dogs

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21
Q

How do you prevent Clostridial disease in sheep and goats?

A

Vaccination

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22
Q

What is the primary cause of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Diet contains inadequate copper due to geographic location

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23
Q

What is the secondary cause of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Copper unavailable
High Molybdenum
High sulfate in combo with High Molybdenum

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24
Q

What does Copper deficiency in sheep and goats cause?

A

Swayback in sheep

Salt sickness in cattle and sheep

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25
What are the risk factors for Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?
Coastal sandy area Copper content lower in spring and summer Young animals are more susceptible
26
What are the clinical signs of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?
``` Limp Straight "steely" wool Wool loses crimp Anemia Diarrhea Prolonged weight loss Pigmentation defects in the hair coat conjunctivitis incoordination in young goats Weak lambs ```
27
What is the treatment for Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?
Oral copper supplementation
28
What is the primary cause of Copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?
excess copper intake in food or water from copper pipes
29
What is the secondary cause of Copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?
High retention of copper | Plant intake with or without liver damage
30
What are the risk factors for copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Feeding sheep horse feed | Accidental overdose or contamination of feedstuffs
31
Clinical signs of Copper toxicity in sheep and goats?
``` Diarrhea Hemoglobinuria Jaundice Anemia Grinding of teeth ```
32
What is the treatment for Copper toxicity in sheep and goats?
Symptomatic
33
What are the clinical signs of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?
``` Poor growth and productivity Lacrimation Anemia Wool matted to face ```
34
What is the cause of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 | Heavy GI parasite load
35
What is the treatment of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?
Oral dosing of cobalt sulfate Added to mineral supplement Vitamin B12 injection
36
What is the cause of Cobalt toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Accidental overdosing
37
What is the primary cause of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?
Deficient intake in feed and water
38
What is the Secondary cause of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?
High calcium diet or goiterogenic plants
39
What are the clinical signs of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?
Thyroid enlargement "Goiter" | Alopecia
40
What is the treatment of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?
Add iodized salt
41
What are the clinical signs of Iodine toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Anorexia Dandruff Hair loss Lacrimation
42
What is the iodine state?
South Carolina
43
What are the sources of Lead toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Lead paint batteries oil
44
What are the clinical signs of Lead toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Cattle: Stiff gait, lameness, Paralysis, recumbency, Headache, possible blindness, Unthriftiness Goats: Anorexia, Fetid diarrhea, tenesmus
45
What are the clinical signs of Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?
``` Anorexia Rough hair coat Pica Salt craving Urine drinking Excessive licking of human skin ```
46
What is the clinical pathology associated with Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?
Low USG | Low Serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations
47
What is the treatment of Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?
Provide access to salt slowly | Provide salt on an incremental basis
48
What is the cause of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?
When animals deficient in salt gain access to salt
49
What are the clinical signs of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Neurologic signs due to brain swelling
50
What is the treatment of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Symptomatic
51
What is the cause of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?
Selenium deficient soil or inhibited intake by plants
52
What are the clinical signs of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?
Acute or subacute enzootic muscular dystrophy White muscle disease Stiff gait Recumbency Stiffness of the hind legs Heart failure in pigs due to mulberry heart disease
53
What is the treatment of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?
Injectable vitamin E and selenium | Oral supplementation
54
What causes selenium toxicosis in sheep and goats?
Acute - overdosing | Chronic - ingestion of plants
55
What are the clinical signs of selenium toxicosis in sheep and goats?
``` Dullness Stiff gait lameness Emaciation Rough hair coat hair loss hoof abnormalities ```
56
What happens to the lambs born from a Dam that is infected with Enzootic Abortion in ewes during the 60-90 days before parturition?
Weak Poor doing lambs
57
What happens to the lambs born from a Dam that is infected with Enzootic Abortion in ewes during the 10-30 days before parturition?
Normal lambs born but ewe labs carry the disease and abort their first lamb
58
What are the clinical signs of Vibriosis/Campylobacter in sheep?
Late gestation abortions and weak lambs that die
59
What are the signs of infection with B. ovis?
Stillborn lambs Weak lambs that die EED
60
Bluetongue
Infectious, noncontagious orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides gnat Ewe infected during or shortly after breeding may have dummy lambs related to cerebellar hypoplasia
61
Border disease virus
Hairy shaker lambs No abortions or stillbirths Lambs may be born normal and excrete virus for life
62
Toxoplasmosis
common in eastern US | Causes abortions and stillbirths
63
Q fever
Carried by most sheep Cause weak lambs More problem in goats
64
What are the clinical signs of Navel Ill in lambs less than 5 days?
Septicemia | Rapid death
65
What is common in lambs in the first 5 days of life?
``` Navel Ill - E. coli and Pasteurella Pasteurella pneumonia Enterotoxigenic E. coli Clostridium Type A Clostridium Type C ```
66
What are the common disease in lambs from 5 days to 3 weeks?
``` Cryptosporidia C. perfringens Type C Pneumonia Salmonella Erysipelas ```
67
What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type C in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?
sudden death | bloody diarrhea
68
What are the clinical signs of Pneumonia in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?
Die | poor doers
69
What are the clinical signs of Erysipelas in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?
Swollen joints | Navel ill
70
What are the clinical signs of Cryptosporidia in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?
Scours 7-10 days
71
What are the clinical signs of Coccidiosis in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?
Sudden death 21-30 days | Mucky bottoms
72
What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type C in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?
Sudden death | Bloody diarrhea
73
What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type D in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?
Sudden death | Related to grain overload
74
What causes Caseous Lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
75
Transmission of Caseous Lymphadenitis?
Animal to animal contact with pus from abscesses of contaminated fomites
76
Clinical signs of External Caseous Lymphadenitis?
Superficial, SQ, Abscesses of the LNs | Abscesses are filled with pasty, thick, inspisated yellow-green pus
77
Clinical signs of Internal Caseous Lymphadenitis?
``` Found necropsy Chronic wasting respiratory distress cough neuro deficits "Thin ewe syndrome" ```
78
What causes "Thin Ewe syndrome"?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
79
What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis is common in goats?
External
80
What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis is common in sheep?
Internal
81
How do you diagnose What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?
Bacterial culture | Serology - ELISA
82
How do you control or manage What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?
``` Maintain a closed flock or herd Isolate animals with abscess before rupture Test all abscess Cull! Vaccinate ```
83
How do you control or manage What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?
``` Maintain a closed flock or herd Isolate animals with abscess before rupture Test all abscess Cull! Vaccinate ```
84
How is Caprine Arthritis transmitted?
Infected colostrum | Poor milking hygiene
85
What are the four clinical syndrome of Caprine Arthritis?
Arthritis Leukoencephalomyelitis Interstitial pneumonia Mastitis
86
Clinical signs of Caprine Arthritis?
``` Swelling of one or both carpal joints Encephalitis Paralysis Seizures Death ```
87
How do you diagnose Caprine Arthritis?
AGID PCR Post Mortem
88
How do you control Caprine Arthritis?
Pasteurized colostrum and milk | Testing and culling
89
What are the clinical signs of Contagious ecthyma?
Papules progress to vesicles, pustules, and scabs | Crusty proliferative lesions form on the lips, face, ears, coronary band, scrotum, teats, or vulva
90
What causes Contagious Ecthyma?
Parapoxvirus
91
What causes Johne's Disease in small ruminants?
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
92
What causes Malignant edema in sheep?
Clostridium
93
How do you prevent malignant edema in rams?
Vaccination for Clostridium
94
Why do rams get Malignant edema?
Fighting and causing wounds on their head
95
What are the clinical signs of Malignant edema?
Swollen head, neck, and eyelids
96
What are the clinical signs of Bluetongue in sheep?
``` Generalize vasculitis Transient fever edema of the face, muzzle, and ears Petechiae and ulcers on dental pad Cyanosis of tongue Lameness Diarrhea ```
97
What is the cause of Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?
High concentrate | Feed changes
98
What are clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?
``` Severe depression Abdominal pain profuse bloody diarrhea neurologic signs Sudden death Full rumen Hyperemic intestine Glucosuria Hydropericardium Pulpy kidney ```
99
How do you prevent Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?
Vaccinate Gradual diet changes Oxytet in feed
100
Hw do you treat Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?
Supportive
101
What sinuses are are affected bu Sinusitis in sheep and goats?
Frontal and maxillary sinuses
102
What causes Pharyngitis in sheep and goats?
Trauma caused by dosing equipment or foreign objects
103
What is the most common cause of Pneumonia in sheep and goats?
Mannheimia hemolytica
104
What is the treatment for pneumonia in sheep and goats?
Long acting Oxytet Pen G Florfenicol
105
What are the clinical signs of Parainfluenza type 3 in sheep and goats?
Coughing Serous nasal discharge Ocular discharge
106
What are the clinical signs of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
anorexia pyrexia conjunctivitis cough
107
What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma pneumonia in sheep?
Chronic coughing and dyspnea
108
What is seen in intensively reared lambs that are raised in poorly ventilated areas and mixed group feedlots?
Mycoplasma pneumonia in sheep
109
What clinical disease is common in sheep between 2-4 years?
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
110
What are the clinical signs of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia?
``` Dyspnea Respiratory distress Chronic wasting associated with thin ewe syndrome Arthritis ill thrift Decreased milk production enlarged firm no milk ```
111
How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia transmitted?
Aerosol | Infected milk/colostrum
112
How do you diagnose Ovine Progressive Pneumonia?
AGID ELISA PCR
113
What toxic plants cause heart failure and sudden death in goats?
Oleander Foxglove Lily of the Valley Yew
114
What causes Heartwater in sheep and goats?
Ehrlichia ruminatium
115
How is Ehrlichia ruminatium transmitted?
Amblyoma ticks
116
What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichia ruminatium?
Muffled heart sounds Peracute: hgh fever, sudden collapse, convulsions Acute: Depression, Anorexia, fever , rapid labored breathing, rumen shutdown, Nervous signs and convulsions Subacute: Fever, coughing, Watery eyes, dyspnea, mild nervous signs
117
How do you treat Ehrlichia ruminatium?
Tetracycline
118
What are the clinical signs of heart failure in small ruminants?
``` Jugular pulse distension Moist cough Tachycardia submandibular edema Ascites Exercise intolerance chronic weight loss ```
119
What are the clinical signs of Ionophore toxicity in small ruminants?
``` Lethargy stiffness muscle weakness stilted gait Mild to moderate dyspnea recumbency Sudden death ```
120
What causes Ulcerative posthitis in small ruminants ?
C. renale | Bceria hydrolyze urea into ammonia which is cytotoxic
121
What is the signalment for animals that get Ulcerative posthitis?
wethers on high protein diets
122
What are the clinical signs of Clostridium tetani?
Sawhorse stance 3rd eyelid protrusion Hyperesthetic
123
How do you treat Clostridium tetani in small ruminants?
Abx | Tetanus Antitoxin
124
How do you prevent Clostridium tetani in small ruminants?
Vaccinate
125
What is the cause of Mastitis in small ruminants?
Staphylococcus aureus Pasteurella Streptococcus
126
What causes bloat in small ruminants?
Lush legume pastures
127
What are the clinical signs of bloat in small ruminants?
Abdominal distension distress death
128
How do you treat bloat in small ruminants?
Poloxalene Mineral oil tube rumen trocarization
129
What is the cause of Rumen Acidosis in small ruminants?
Engorgement of grains | Rapid change of high concentrate diets
130
What are the clinical signs of Rumen Acidosis?
``` Diarrhea Depression Weakness Ataxia rumen distension ```
131
How do you prevent Rumen Acidosis?
Avoid rapid diet changes
132
How do you treat Rumen Acidosis?
``` Alkalinizing IV fluids mineral oil Gastric lavage thiamine Abx ```
133
What is the cause of Club Lamb Fungus?
Trichophyton spp.
134
What are the clinical signs of Club Lamb Fungus?
Circular scaly lesions Alopecia 2 - 4 weeks after exposure
135
How does a sheep get club lamb fungus?
Slick shearing | Repetitive washing
136
How do you treat Club Lamb Fungus?
Self limiting | Lime sulfur dip
137
What are the risk factors for Rectal prolapse?
``` Over conditioned diarrhea parasitism coughing Short tail docking ```
138
When do you vaccinate for CD&T?
1-2 months of age 6 months 1 month before parturition
139
What plants cause vomiting in small rumiantns?
Rhododenrons Laurels Azaleas
140
What is the toxin principle for Rhododendrons, Laurels, and Azaleas?
Grayanotoxin
141
How do you treat toxicosis from Rhododendrons, Laurels, and Azaleas in small ruminants?
Drench with charcoal Salt ginger powder
142
What are the clinical signs of Scrapie in sheep?
``` Nervousness Aggression intense rubbing locomotor incoordination Tremors head pressing wool pulling ```
143
What causes infectious foot rot in small ruminants?
Dichelobacter nodusus Fusobacterium necrophorum Arcanobacterium pyogenes
144
How do you control infectious foot rot?
Trimming Foot baths topical treatment
145
What breed of sheep is susceptible to infectious foot rot?
Merino
146
What is the cause of Laminitis in sheep and goats?
Consumption of highly concentrated or lush forage diet
147
What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma arthritis?
``` Septicemia fever Anorexia depression weakness rough hair coat Hot swollen painful joitns ```
148
What joints commonly are affected with Mycoplasma arthritis in small ruminants?
Carpus Tarsus Stifle joints
149
What are the clinical signs of Bacterial Polyarthitis in small ruminants?
Hot, swollen, painful joints | Fever
150
What joints are commonly affected by Bacterial Polyarthritis in small ruminants?
Carpus Stifles Hocks
151
How do you treat Bacterial Polyarthritis?
systemic Abx | Anti-inflammatories
152
What is the cause of Bacterial Polyarthritis?
Arcanobacterium pyogenes E. coli Streptococcus spp Staphylococcus spp
153
What causes Blackleg and malignant edema in small ruminants?
C. chauvoei C. septicum C. sordelli C. novyi
154
How is Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis transmitted in small ruminants?
Ingestion of spores | Spores entering wounds
155
What are the clinical signs of Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis in small ruminants?
Black leg: Dead or recumbent Malignant edema: Heat, swelling, pain at site Skin is discolored and cold Weak and shocky animals
156
Treatment of Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis in small ruminants?
Penicillin
157
What is the reversal of Xylazine that is used in ruminants?
Tolazoline

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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