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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Actinobacilllosis common in sheep?

A

Submaxillary regions

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2
Q

What is the cause of Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine deficiency

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3
Q

Risk factors for Polioencephalomalacia?

A

High sulfate intake
Amprolium
Thiaminases caused by bacterial overgrowth

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4
Q

What drugs cause Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Amprolium
Acepromazine
Levamisole
Thiabendazole

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of Polioencephalomalacia?

A 
Head tremors
Head pressing 
Star gazing 
blindness
Recumbence 
convulsions 
Rumen inactivity 
Death
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6
Q

Treatment for Polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine Hydrochloride
Dietary change
Transfaunation?

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7
Q

What is the common name of Coccidiosis in sheep?

A

Mucky butt

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for Coccidiosis in sheep?

A 
Weaning 
Overcrowding 
Wet environment 
Feet and feces in feeders 
Poor nutrition
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9
Q

What are the clinical findings of Coccidiosis in sheep?

A 
Diarrhea 
ill thrift 
Blood in feces 
Anorexia 
weight loss
emaciation 
Recumbence 
Death
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10
Q

Treatment options for Coccidiosis in sheep?

A

Sulfonamides - 5 day course
Amprolium - 5 day course
Ionophores - 5 day course

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Haemonchus in sheep?

A

Anemia
Hypoproteinemia = Bottle Jaw
Diarrhea

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12
Q

Diagnostic test for Haemonchus in sheep and goats?

A

FAMACHA

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Lungworms (Dictyocaulus filarial or Mullerius capillaris) in sheep and goats?

A

Coughing

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14
Q

What is the intermediate host for Lungworms (Dictyocaulus filarial or Mullerius capillaris) in sheep and goats?

A

Snails

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15
Q

What is the transmission of Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis)?

A

White tailed deer to small ruminants by ingestion of snails or slugs

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of the Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

Sudden onset of recumbency

BAR

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17
Q

Treatment of Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

High levels of fenbendazole and corticosteroids for spinal inflammation

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18
Q

How do you prevent Meningeal worm (Paralaphestrongylus tenuis) in sheep and goats?

A

Ivermectin monthly

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nasal Bot (Oestrus ovis) in sheep?

A

Mucopurulent nasal discharge
Sneezing
sniffling

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20
Q

What is the transmission of Monezia in sheep and goats?

A

Dogs

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21
Q

How do you prevent Clostridial disease in sheep and goats?

A

Vaccination

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22
Q

What is the primary cause of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Diet contains inadequate copper due to geographic location

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23
Q

What is the secondary cause of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Copper unavailable
High Molybdenum
High sulfate in combo with High Molybdenum

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24
Q

What does Copper deficiency in sheep and goats cause?

A

Swayback in sheep

Salt sickness in cattle and sheep

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25
Q

What are the risk factors for Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Coastal sandy area
Copper content lower in spring and summer
Young animals are more susceptible

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26
Q

What are the clinical signs of Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A 
Limp 
Straight 
"steely" wool
Wool loses crimp 
Anemia 
Diarrhea 
Prolonged weight loss
Pigmentation defects in the hair coat 
conjunctivitis 
incoordination in young goats 
Weak lambs
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27
Q

What is the treatment for Copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Oral copper supplementation

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28
Q

What is the primary cause of Copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

excess copper intake in food or water from copper pipes

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29
Q

What is the secondary cause of Copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

High retention of copper

Plant intake with or without liver damage

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30
Q

What are the risk factors for copper toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Feeding sheep horse feed

Accidental overdose or contamination of feedstuffs

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31
Q

Clinical signs of Copper toxicity in sheep and goats?

A 
Diarrhea 
Hemoglobinuria 
Jaundice
Anemia 
Grinding of teeth
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32
Q

What is the treatment for Copper toxicity in sheep and goats?

A

Symptomatic

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33
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A 
Poor growth 
and productivity 
Lacrimation 
Anemia 
Wool matted to face
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34
Q

What is the cause of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

Heavy GI parasite load

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35
Q

What is the treatment of Cobalt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Oral dosing of cobalt sulfate
Added to mineral supplement
Vitamin B12 injection

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36
Q

What is the cause of Cobalt toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Accidental overdosing

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37
Q

What is the primary cause of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Deficient intake in feed and water

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38
Q

What is the Secondary cause of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

High calcium diet or goiterogenic plants

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39
Q

What are the clinical signs of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Thyroid enlargement “Goiter”

Alopecia

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40
Q

What is the treatment of Iodine deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Add iodized salt

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41
Q

What are the clinical signs of Iodine toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Anorexia
Dandruff
Hair loss
Lacrimation

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42
Q

What is the iodine state?

A

South Carolina

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43
Q

What are the sources of Lead toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Lead paint
batteries
oil

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44
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lead toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Cattle: Stiff gait, lameness, Paralysis, recumbency, Headache, possible blindness, Unthriftiness
Goats: Anorexia, Fetid diarrhea, tenesmus

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45
Q

What are the clinical signs of Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A 
Anorexia 
Rough hair coat
Pica
Salt craving 
Urine drinking 
Excessive licking of human skin
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46
Q

What is the clinical pathology associated with Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Low USG

Low Serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations

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47
Q

What is the treatment of Salt deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Provide access to salt slowly

Provide salt on an incremental basis

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48
Q

What is the cause of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

When animals deficient in salt gain access to salt

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49
Q

What are the clinical signs of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Neurologic signs due to brain swelling

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50
Q

What is the treatment of Salt toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Symptomatic

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51
Q

What is the cause of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Selenium deficient soil or inhibited intake by plants

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52
Q

What are the clinical signs of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Acute or subacute enzootic muscular dystrophy
White muscle disease
Stiff gait
Recumbency
Stiffness of the hind legs
Heart failure in pigs due to mulberry heart disease

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53
Q

What is the treatment of selenium deficiency in sheep and goats?

A

Injectable vitamin E and selenium

Oral supplementation

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54
Q

What causes selenium toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A

Acute - overdosing

Chronic - ingestion of plants

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55
Q

What are the clinical signs of selenium toxicosis in sheep and goats?

A 
Dullness
Stiff gait 
lameness
Emaciation 
Rough hair coat 
hair loss
hoof abnormalities
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56
Q

What happens to the lambs born from a Dam that is infected with Enzootic Abortion in ewes during the 60-90 days before parturition?

A

Weak Poor doing lambs

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57
Q

What happens to the lambs born from a Dam that is infected with Enzootic Abortion in ewes during the 10-30 days before parturition?

A

Normal lambs born but ewe labs carry the disease and abort their first lamb

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58
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vibriosis/Campylobacter in sheep?

A

Late gestation abortions and weak lambs that die

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59
Q

What are the signs of infection with B. ovis?

A

Stillborn lambs
Weak lambs that die
EED

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60
Q

Bluetongue

A

Infectious, noncontagious orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides gnat
Ewe infected during or shortly after breeding may have dummy lambs related to cerebellar hypoplasia

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61
Q

Border disease virus

A

Hairy shaker lambs
No abortions or stillbirths
Lambs may be born normal and excrete virus for life

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62
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

common in eastern US

Causes abortions and stillbirths

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63
Q

Q fever

A

Carried by most sheep
Cause weak lambs
More problem in goats

64
Q

What are the clinical signs of Navel Ill in lambs less than 5 days?

A

Septicemia

Rapid death

65
Q

What is common in lambs in the first 5 days of life?

A 
Navel Ill - E. coli and Pasteurella 
Pasteurella pneumonia 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli 
Clostridium Type A
Clostridium Type C
66
Q

What are the common disease in lambs from 5 days to 3 weeks?

A 
Cryptosporidia
C. perfringens Type C
Pneumonia 
Salmonella 
Erysipelas
67
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type C in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?

A

sudden death

bloody diarrhea

68
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pneumonia in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?

A

Die

poor doers

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of Erysipelas in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?

A

Swollen joints

Navel ill

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cryptosporidia in lambs 5 days to 3 weeks old?

A

Scours 7-10 days

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of Coccidiosis in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?

A

Sudden death 21-30 days

Mucky bottoms

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type C in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?

A

Sudden death

Bloody diarrhea

73
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens Type D in lambs 3 weeks old to weaning?

A

Sudden death

Related to grain overload

74
Q

What causes Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

75
Q

Transmission of Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A

Animal to animal contact with pus from abscesses of contaminated fomites

76
Q

Clinical signs of External Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A

Superficial, SQ, Abscesses of the LNs

Abscesses are filled with pasty, thick, inspisated yellow-green pus

77
Q

Clinical signs of Internal Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A 
Found necropsy 
Chronic wasting 
respiratory distress 
cough 
neuro deficits
"Thin ewe syndrome"
78
Q

What causes “Thin Ewe syndrome”?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

79
Q

What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis is common in goats?

80
Q

What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis is common in sheep?

81
Q

How do you diagnose What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A

Bacterial culture

Serology - ELISA

82
Q

How do you control or manage What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A 
Maintain a closed flock or herd 
Isolate animals with abscess before rupture 
Test all abscess 
Cull! 
Vaccinate
83
Q

How do you control or manage What form of Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A 
Maintain a closed flock or herd 
Isolate animals with abscess before rupture 
Test all abscess 
Cull! 
Vaccinate
84
Q

How is Caprine Arthritis transmitted?

A

Infected colostrum

Poor milking hygiene

85
Q

What are the four clinical syndrome of Caprine Arthritis?

A

Arthritis
Leukoencephalomyelitis
Interstitial pneumonia
Mastitis

86
Q

Clinical signs of Caprine Arthritis?

A 
Swelling of one or both carpal joints 
Encephalitis 
Paralysis 
Seizures 
Death
87
Q

How do you diagnose Caprine Arthritis?

A

AGID
PCR
Post Mortem

88
Q

How do you control Caprine Arthritis?

A

Pasteurized colostrum and milk

Testing and culling

89
Q

What are the clinical signs of Contagious ecthyma?

A

Papules progress to vesicles, pustules, and scabs

Crusty proliferative lesions form on the lips, face, ears, coronary band, scrotum, teats, or vulva

90
Q

What causes Contagious Ecthyma?

A

Parapoxvirus

91
Q

What causes Johne’s Disease in small ruminants?

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

92
Q

What causes Malignant edema in sheep?

A

Clostridium

93
Q

How do you prevent malignant edema in rams?

A

Vaccination for Clostridium

94
Q

Why do rams get Malignant edema?

A

Fighting and causing wounds on their head

95
Q

What are the clinical signs of Malignant edema?

A

Swollen head, neck, and eyelids

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bluetongue in sheep?

A 
Generalize vasculitis 
Transient fever
edema of the face, muzzle, and ears
Petechiae and ulcers on dental pad
Cyanosis of tongue
Lameness
Diarrhea
97
Q

What is the cause of Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?

A

High concentrate

Feed changes

98
Q

What are clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?

A 
Severe depression 
Abdominal pain 
profuse bloody diarrhea 
neurologic signs 
Sudden death 
Full rumen 
Hyperemic intestine 
Glucosuria 
Hydropericardium 
Pulpy kidney
99
Q

How do you prevent Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?

A

Vaccinate
Gradual diet changes
Oxytet in feed

100
Q

Hw do you treat Clostridium perfringens Type D in sheep?

A

Supportive

101
Q

What sinuses are are affected bu Sinusitis in sheep and goats?

A

Frontal and maxillary sinuses

102
Q

What causes Pharyngitis in sheep and goats?

A

Trauma caused by dosing equipment or foreign objects

103
Q

What is the most common cause of Pneumonia in sheep and goats?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

104
Q

What is the treatment for pneumonia in sheep and goats?

A

Long acting Oxytet
Pen G
Florfenicol

105
Q

What are the clinical signs of Parainfluenza type 3 in sheep and goats?

A

Coughing
Serous nasal discharge
Ocular discharge

106
Q

What are the clinical signs of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

anorexia
pyrexia
conjunctivitis
cough

107
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma pneumonia in sheep?

A

Chronic coughing and dyspnea

108
Q

What is seen in intensively reared lambs that are raised in poorly ventilated areas and mixed group feedlots?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia in sheep

109
Q

What clinical disease is common in sheep between 2-4 years?

A

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

110
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia?

A 
Dyspnea
Respiratory distress
Chronic wasting associated with thin ewe syndrome 
Arthritis 
ill thrift 
Decreased milk production 
enlarged firm no milk
111
Q

How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia transmitted?

A

Aerosol

Infected milk/colostrum

112
Q

How do you diagnose Ovine Progressive Pneumonia?

A

AGID
ELISA
PCR

113
Q

What toxic plants cause heart failure and sudden death in goats?

A

Oleander
Foxglove
Lily of the Valley
Yew

114
Q

What causes Heartwater in sheep and goats?

A

Ehrlichia ruminatium

115
Q

How is Ehrlichia ruminatium transmitted?

A

Amblyoma ticks

116
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichia ruminatium?

A

Muffled heart sounds
Peracute: hgh fever, sudden collapse, convulsions
Acute: Depression, Anorexia, fever , rapid labored breathing, rumen shutdown, Nervous signs and convulsions
Subacute: Fever, coughing, Watery eyes, dyspnea, mild nervous signs

117
Q

How do you treat Ehrlichia ruminatium?

A

Tetracycline

118
Q

What are the clinical signs of heart failure in small ruminants?

A 
Jugular pulse 
distension 
Moist cough 
Tachycardia
submandibular edema
Ascites
Exercise intolerance 
chronic weight loss
119
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ionophore toxicity in small ruminants?

A 
Lethargy 
stiffness
muscle weakness
stilted gait 
Mild to moderate dyspnea 
recumbency 
Sudden death
120
Q

What causes Ulcerative posthitis in small ruminants ?

A

C. renale

Bceria hydrolyze urea into ammonia which is cytotoxic

121
Q

What is the signalment for animals that get Ulcerative posthitis?

A

wethers on high protein diets

122
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium tetani?

A

Sawhorse stance
3rd eyelid protrusion
Hyperesthetic

123
Q

How do you treat Clostridium tetani in small ruminants?

A

Abx

Tetanus Antitoxin

124
Q

How do you prevent Clostridium tetani in small ruminants?

125
Q

What is the cause of Mastitis in small ruminants?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Pasteurella
Streptococcus

126
Q

What causes bloat in small ruminants?

A

Lush legume pastures

127
Q

What are the clinical signs of bloat in small ruminants?

A

Abdominal distension
distress
death

128
Q

How do you treat bloat in small ruminants?

A

Poloxalene
Mineral oil
tube
rumen trocarization

129
Q

What is the cause of Rumen Acidosis in small ruminants?

A

Engorgement of grains

Rapid change of high concentrate diets

130
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rumen Acidosis?

A 
Diarrhea 
Depression 
Weakness
Ataxia 
rumen distension
131
Q

How do you prevent Rumen Acidosis?

A

Avoid rapid diet changes

132
Q

How do you treat Rumen Acidosis?

A 
Alkalinizing IV fluids
mineral oil
Gastric lavage
thiamine
Abx
133
Q

What is the cause of Club Lamb Fungus?

A

Trichophyton spp.

134
Q

What are the clinical signs of Club Lamb Fungus?

A

Circular scaly lesions
Alopecia
2 - 4 weeks after exposure

135
Q

How does a sheep get club lamb fungus?

A

Slick shearing

Repetitive washing

136
Q

How do you treat Club Lamb Fungus?

A

Self limiting

Lime sulfur dip

137
Q

What are the risk factors for Rectal prolapse?

A 
Over conditioned 
diarrhea 
parasitism 
coughing 
Short tail docking
138
Q

When do you vaccinate for CD&T?

A

1-2 months of age
6 months
1 month before parturition

139
Q

What plants cause vomiting in small rumiantns?

A

Rhododenrons
Laurels
Azaleas

140
Q

What is the toxin principle for Rhododendrons, Laurels, and Azaleas?

A

Grayanotoxin

141
Q

How do you treat toxicosis from Rhododendrons, Laurels, and Azaleas in small ruminants?

A

Drench with charcoal
Salt
ginger powder

142
Q

What are the clinical signs of Scrapie in sheep?

A 
Nervousness 
Aggression 
intense rubbing
locomotor incoordination 
Tremors
head pressing 
wool pulling
143
Q

What causes infectious foot rot in small ruminants?

A

Dichelobacter nodusus
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Arcanobacterium pyogenes

144
Q

How do you control infectious foot rot?

A

Trimming
Foot baths
topical treatment

145
Q

What breed of sheep is susceptible to infectious foot rot?

146
Q

What is the cause of Laminitis in sheep and goats?

A

Consumption of highly concentrated or lush forage diet

147
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma arthritis?

A 
Septicemia 
fever 
Anorexia 
depression 
weakness
rough hair coat
Hot swollen painful joitns
148
Q

What joints commonly are affected with Mycoplasma arthritis in small ruminants?

A

Carpus
Tarsus
Stifle joints

149
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bacterial Polyarthitis in small ruminants?

A

Hot, swollen, painful joints

Fever

150
Q

What joints are commonly affected by Bacterial Polyarthritis in small ruminants?

A

Carpus
Stifles
Hocks

151
Q

How do you treat Bacterial Polyarthritis?

A

systemic Abx

Anti-inflammatories

152
Q

What is the cause of Bacterial Polyarthritis?

A

Arcanobacterium pyogenes
E. coli
Streptococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp

153
Q

What causes Blackleg and malignant edema in small ruminants?

A

C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. sordelli
C. novyi

154
Q

How is Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis transmitted in small ruminants?

A

Ingestion of spores

Spores entering wounds

155
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis in small ruminants?

A

Black leg: Dead or recumbent
Malignant edema: Heat, swelling, pain at site
Skin is discolored and cold
Weak and shocky animals

156
Q

Treatment of Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis in small ruminants?

A

Penicillin

157
Q

What is the reversal of Xylazine that is used in ruminants?

A

Tolazoline

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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