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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Swine Medicine > Flashcards

Swine Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of commercial breeding farms?

A

Pyramidal structure (nucleus herds - breeding herds - finishing herds)

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2
Q

Specific pathogen free herd

A

piglets are born through c-section and raised in a sterile environment

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3
Q

What is the daily growth of piglets?

A

950-1200g/day

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4
Q

What part of the diet causes diarrhea and gastric ulceration in pigs?

A

high protein diets

fine grinding of pig feed

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5
Q

What is produced in colostrum of sows to enhance uptake of intact immunoglobulins?

A

anti-trypsin factor

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6
Q

What causes low gastric motility in piglets?

A

Chilling

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7
Q

What causes enteral infections in piglets?

A

neutral pH of the stomach

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8
Q

Batch farrowing

A

All sows farrow on the same day at the same time to enable cross fostering if needed

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9
Q

What age of piglets are susceptible to Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

2-10 days

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

Mesocolonic edema and colon filled with creamy diarrhea

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11
Q

What are the lesions associated with Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis

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12
Q

How do you diagnose Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

ELISA of fresh feces

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

Virginiamycin in sows before and after farrowing

Tylosin in piglets

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14
Q

What age of piglets is affected by Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

2-10 days

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15
Q

What are the lesions associated with Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia

A

mild multifocal suppurative enteritis with large gram-positive rods

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Diarrhea

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17
Q

How do you diagnose Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Isolation and genotyping of an enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Bacitracin in sows and piglets. Salinomycin

vaccination

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19
Q

What age of piglets is affected by E. coli?

A

one day old to 2-4 weeks post weaning

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20
Q

What are the virulence factors affected by E. coli?

A

fimbria
enterotoxins
endotoxins
capsules

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21
Q

What is the transmission of E. coli?

A

Dam

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for E. coli?

A

Continuous farrowing accompanied by poor sanitation and chilling

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of E. coli in piglets?

A 
Body temp is subnormal 
Shivering 
watery diarrhea 
vomiting 
polyserositis
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24
Q

How do you diagnose E. coli in piglets?

A

Culture uniform E. coli from SI

Identify enterotoxigenic E. coli with PCR

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25
Q

What is the treatment for E. coli in piglets?

A

Antimicrobials oral and parenteral - Ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, furizolidone, potentiated sulphur drugs

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26
Q

How do you control E. coli in piglets?

A

Good sanitation
All in all out
Sow vaccination
twice before farrowing

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27
Q

What age of piglets is affected by Edema disease (colibacillosis)?

A

recently weaned pigs

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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Edema disease (colibacillosis)?

A 
Edema at certain sites 
sudden deaths
Neurologic signs related to lesions of the brain 
Anorexia 
Ataxia 
stupor
recumbency 
paddling 
running movements 
Abnormal squeal when handled
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29
Q

What causes coccidiosis in piglets?

A

Isospora suis

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30
Q

What is the age of piglets affected by Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?

A

1-3 week old nursing piglets

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31
Q

What is the source if infection for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?

A

Sows - feces contaminated feed and water

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32
Q

What are the clinical signs of Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?

A

Yellow to clear pasty to watery diarrhea
dehydration
rough hair coat
failure to gain weight

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33
Q

What is the control measures for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?

A

Good sanitation
disinfection of farrowing pens
steam cleaning

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34
Q

What is the treatment for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?

A

Toltrazuril

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35
Q

What age of piglets is affected by Rotaviral enteritis?

A

1-6 week old pigs

one week after weaning pigs

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36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rotaviral enteritis?

A

Diarrhea
vomiting
nonfatal

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37
Q

What are the lesions associated with Rotaviral enteritis?

A

moderate villous atrophy

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38
Q

How do you diagnose Rotaviral enteritis?

A

EM or ELISA of feces

FAT or IHC of SI epithelium

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39
Q

What age of piglets is affected by Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

All affected is previously unexposed

Most severe in pigs less than 4 weeks old

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40
Q

What are the clinical signs of the acute form of Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

Vomiting and high mortality
Bright yellow feces in older pigs
Marked diarrhea in feeder age pigs
Vomiting, depression, and refusal to nurse in acutely infected sows

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41
Q

How do you diagnose Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

FAT or IHC of acutely affected pigs

PCR on feces

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42
Q

What is the most important Streptococcal infection of pigs in nursing and weaned pigs?

A

Streptococcus suis

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43
Q

What age of pigs is affected by Streptococcus suis?

A

Nursing or weaned piglets

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44
Q

Clinical signs of Streptococcus suis

A 
septicemia 
acute meningitis 
Polyarthritis 
Polyserositis 
bronchopneumonia 
CNS signs in young pigs 
(Older pigs) - ataxia, opisthotonos, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, blindness, and deafness
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45
Q

What is the transmission of Streptococcus suis

A

Dust or feces
Isolated from the nasal cavity and palatine tonsils of normal pigs
Present in the feces and nasal secretions of carriers
Ingestion
Inhalation
Contact
Wounds

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46
Q

How do you control Streptococcus suis

A 
Elimination of stresses 
Overcrowding 
poor ventilation 
High humidity 
Poor sanitation 
Vaccination of sows prior to farrowing
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47
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus suis

A 
Injectable Abx (ampicillin, penicillin, tiamulin, ceftiofur) 
Infeed and water Abx
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48
Q

When do you see Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?

A

3 days after farrowing

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49
Q

Clinical signs of Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?

A 
Mastitis 
fever 
vaginal discharge 
listlessness
weakness
anorexia 
sternal recumbency 
refusal to nurse piglets
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50
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?

A 
lack of nursing stimulation 
bacterial metritis 
mastitis 
mammary edema 
little exercise 
poor feeding 
constipation 
obesity 
moldy feeds
poor sanitation
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51
Q

Control of Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?

A

Exercise
nutrition
BCS

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52
Q

What causes teat necrosis and vulvar swelling in young piglets?

A

Zearalenone

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53
Q

In what age of piglets do you see Pityriasis rosea?

A

12 week old pigs

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54
Q

Lesions of Pityriasis rosea?

A

1-20 cm raised reddened ring shaped lesions on the skin usually ventral abdomen

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55
Q

What is the treatment for Pityriasis rosea?

A

Resolves spontaneously

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56
Q

Splay leg

A

Abnormality of neonatal piglets characterized by lateral extension of the hind legs with inability to adduct the legs
Front legs may be variably affected

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57
Q

Principle lesion of Splay leg?

A

myofibrillar hypoplasia

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58
Q

Risk factors for splay leg

A 
genetic predisposition 
slippery or sloped floors 
PSS (Porcine Stress syndrome) 
Dietary deficiencies 
low birth weights 
Tremorsin piglets
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59
Q

Treatment for Splay leg

A

Tying front or back legs loosely together for 2 weeks

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60
Q

How do you control Splay lag?

A

Selection of breeding stock with no tendency

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61
Q

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

A

Inherited condition that occurs in 4 breeds

Characterized by discrete areas of skin over parts of the back, loins, and thighs

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62
Q

Lesions of Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

A

discrete areas of skin over parts of the back, loins, thighs, and anterior surface of the tongue
Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Aborted fetuses

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63
Q

What age of pigs are effected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

growing or adult swine

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64
Q

Lesions of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Enlarged joints
lameness
endocarditis
Rhomboid skin lesions

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65
Q

Transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Carriers - feces and oronasal secretions

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66
Q

Clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Fever
cyanotic skin around ears, snout, throat, and ventral abdomen
discrete raised and red to purplae areas of skin shapes
Swollen painful joints
abortion
valvular lesions causing exercise intolerance

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67
Q

Control of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Regular vaccination
good sanitation
elimination of carrier with skin and joint lesions
quarantine of appropriate stock

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68
Q

Treatment of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Penicillin

Antiserum

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69
Q

What causes greasy pig disease?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

70
Q

What are the risk factors of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?

A 
Vesicular viral disease 
nutritional deficiencies 
ringworm infections 
pityriasis rosea
parasitism 
poor ventilation and sanitation 
Wounds
71
Q

What age of piglets is affected by greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?

A

less than 8 weeks old

nursery pigs

72
Q

Clinical signs of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?

A

Brownish spots 1-2cm in diameter covered by serum and exudate
appear on the skin of the face or head
no pruritis

73
Q

Control of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?

A

Isollation

Mingling of piglets avoided

74
Q

Treatment of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?

A

Spraying of pigs several times with solutions of 10% bleach, chlorhexidine, Virkon, or dilute iodine

75
Q

What causes Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis?

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Brachyspira pilosicoli

76
Q

Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A

Severe infectious disease characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and marked inflammation limited to the large intestine (cecum or colon)

77
Q

What age piglets are affected with Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)?

A

Growing/finishing pigs

78
Q

Transmission of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A

ingestion of infected fecal material
persist in water and moist feces for 2 months
Carrier animals

79
Q

Clinical signs of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A 
Mucoid diarrhea  to mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
tail twitching 
humped gaunt appearance 
Dehydration 
marked weakness
hollow fanks 
weight loss
80
Q

How do you diagnose of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A

Culture from rectal swabs

81
Q

How do you prevent Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A

replacement animals from free herds after 30-60 day quarantine

82
Q

Treatment of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A

Tiamulin
carbadox
lincomycin

83
Q

Elimination of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Brachyspira pilosicoli)

A
  1. early weaning
  2. Extensive medication
  3. depopulation with thorough cleaning and disinfection during dry and warm months
84
Q

lesions of Salmonellosis

A

Septicemia

Enterocolitis

85
Q

Clinical signs of Septicemic Salmonellosis

A 
Septicemic Salmonellosis
inappetence 
huddling
weakness
temperatures up to 107F 
red to purple discoloration of skin of the extremities
86
Q

Transmission of Salmonellosis

A

Fecal-oral route

Contaminated feed and water and aerosols

87
Q

Risk factors of Salmonellosis

A

Stressful events
Prolonged transport
Drought
overcrowding

88
Q

Clinical signs of Enterocolitis Salmonellosis

A

anorexia
watery to yellow diarrhea intermittent progression to mucus, fibrin, and blood in the feces
emaciation
weight loss

89
Q

Control of Salmonellosis

A 
Dry housing 
proper animal density 
Good ventilation 
High standard of sanitation 
Quarantine 
All in All out
90
Q

Treatment of Salmonellosis

A 
Carbadox
Gentamycin 
Neomycin 
Tiamulin 
ceftiofur
91
Q

What causes Porcine Proliferative Enteritis?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

92
Q

Lesions of Porcine Proliferative Enteritis

A

hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammation

ulceration or hemorrhages

93
Q

Clinical signs of Acute Porcine Proliferative Enteritis

A

diarrhea with brownish to black unclotted blood pallor
weakness
rapid death

94
Q

Clinical signs of Chronic Porcine Proliferative Enteritis

A

sporadic diarrhea
wasting
variation in growth rate

95
Q

Control of Porcine Proliferative Enteritis

A

Minimizing stressors

vaccination of grower pigs

96
Q

Treatment for Porcine Proliferative Enteritis

A 
Tylosin 
Tetracyclines
Lincomycin
tiamulin 
carbadox
97
Q

What age pigs is affected with Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A

6-20 weeks old pigs

98
Q

What does Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia secrete?

A

Exotocins: ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, ApxIV

99
Q

Transmission of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A

Direct contact
Nasal secretions
Carriers

100
Q

Risk factors for Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A

Overstocking
poor ventilation
stress

101
Q

Clinical signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A 
Sudden death 
sudden onset of prostration 
high temperatire 
apathy 
anorexia 
stiffness
vomiting 
diarrhea 
Shallow nonproductive cough 
Cyanosis 
High mortality
102
Q

Control of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A

Closed herd
Replacements from free herd
Avoid overstocking
Vaccination

103
Q

Treatment of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A 
Parenteral in water or feed 
Tiamulin 
Tulathromycin 
Chllortetracycline 
ceftiofur
tilmicosin 
Florfenicol 
Enrofloxacin 
PPG
104
Q

Diagnoss Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?

A

Isolation and identification of APP
PCR of toxins
ELISA

105
Q

What causes Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

Bordetella Bronchoseptica

Pasteurella multcida

106
Q

Clinical signs of Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella Bronchoseptica and Pasteurella multcida)

A

snuffling
sneezing
snorting
nosebleed
serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge “dirty” hair below canthus
atrophy and distortion of the turbinates
nasal and facial bones affected

107
Q

What does Toxigenic Bordetella cause?

A

atrophy of turbinates leading to mild lesions

108
Q

What does Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida cause?

A

isoalted from tonsils of animals with or without disease. It produced a potent dermonecrotizing toxin that causes marked turbinate atrophy which could be lifetime. Bordetella colonization predisposes to Pasteurella colonization

109
Q

Transmission of Atrophic Rhinitis

A

Dust
ammonia
inapparent carriers
poor management or housing

110
Q

Control of Atrophic Rhinitis

A

Improvement of husbandry, management, and housing

Vaccination of sows and pigs

111
Q

Common name of Porcine circovirus Type 2

A

Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome

112
Q

What is the age of pigs affected with Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?

A

nursery and growing pigs (2-4 months)

113
Q

Lesions of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?

A

Lymphocytic depletion in LNs accompanied by histiocytic infiltration

114
Q

Clinical signs of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)

A 
Loss of BCS
enlarged LNs
Wasting 
repro failure 
abortion 
unthriftiness
rough hair coat 
polypnea
dyspnea
pallor
diarrhea
icterus 
stunted growth 
PDNS - red-purple blotches on the skin, slightly raised
115
Q

How do you diagnose Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?

A

Lesions present

116
Q

Control of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)

A

All in allout
thorough cleaning and disinfection
euthanasia

117
Q

Treatment of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)

A

No treatment
Anti-inflammatory agents
Antimicrobials

118
Q

PRRS

A

Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome

119
Q

Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

A

Reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals and respiratory disease in pigs of any age

120
Q

What are the age of pigs affected with Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

A

young growing pigs
naive finishing pigs
breeding stock

121
Q

What is the most economically significant disease to affect the US swine production?

A

Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

122
Q

Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

A

Long term carriers (200+ days)
Nasal secretions, urine, semen, mammary secretions, and feces
Rodents or flies
Direct contact

123
Q

Clinical signs of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

A

(Breeding age gilts) - anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, respiratory distress, or vomiting, mild cyanosis of the ears, abdomen, and vulva, increase in premature farrowings, late term abortions, mummified fetuses, decrease in semen quality in boars
(Young, growing, and finishing pigs): Fever, depression, lethargy, stunting, sneezing, expiratory dyspnea, increased post-weaning mortality

124
Q

How do you diagnose Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

A

Virus identification

125
Q

Control of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

A

Vaccination

aggressive acclimatization of replacement breeding stock

126
Q

What causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

Coronavirus

127
Q

Clinical signs of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

severe diarrhea
vomiting
high morbidity
variable mortality

128
Q

What age is affected by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

suckling or recently weaned pigs

129
Q

What is the incubation period of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

2-4 days

Natural immunity - 2-3 weeks

130
Q

Transmission of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

Fecal-oral route

In market places etc

131
Q

Control of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

heating trailers up 160F for 10 mins or room temp for 7 days

BIOSECURITY

132
Q

Diagnosis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

ELISA

133
Q

Treatment of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?

A

Supportive therapy
clean and dry environment
high quality drinking water
Supplementing water with electrolytes

134
Q

In what age group in pigs is affected by iodine deficiency?

A

Pregnant sows

135
Q

Clinical signs of Iodine deficiency

A

Birth of weak or dead pigs devoid of hair
mucinous edema over enlarged foreparts of the body
skin in the areas is thick and doughy

136
Q

What are the causes of iodine deficiency?

A

Ingestion of goitrogenic substances

iodine toxicity from dams being fed excess iodine

137
Q

Treatment of iodine deficiency in pigs

A

iodized salt in the ration of gestating sows

138
Q

What is the cause of iron deficiency in piglets?

A

Colostum and milk is deficient

Rapid growth and expansion of blood volume

139
Q

What age group is affected by iron deficiency?

A

suckling piglets

140
Q

Treatment of iron deficiency

A

supplemental iron PO or IM/IV

141
Q

How is the treatment for iron deficiency administered?

A

neck muscles IM til 7 days of age

PO after 7 days of age

142
Q

Perakeratosis

A

zinc-responsive dermatosis

143
Q

What age of pigs is affected by parakeratosis?

A

2-4 months

144
Q

What is the cause of parakeratosis?

A

consumption of excessive calcium

no supplementation of zinc

145
Q

Clinical signs o parakeratosis

A

skin lesions and reduce growth rate

146
Q

Rickets

A

disease of growing bones caused by deficiency of Vitamin D or phosphorus

147
Q

Osteoporosis

A

lesion of mature bones due to mobilized minerals from high milk production

148
Q

What is the cause of Rickets

A

confined animals not exposed to Vitamin D or sunlight

Fed little to no grain or protein supplementation

149
Q

Clinical signs of Rickets

A 
Poor growth rate 
Shot stature 
enlargement of the ends of long bones 
lameness
deformation o the weightbearing long bones
150
Q

Clinical signs of Osteoporosis

A

Lameness
recumbency
fractures
paraplegia

151
Q

When do you see Osteoporosis?

A

nursing period

immediately after weaning or during mating

152
Q

What causes Osteoporosis

A

Lack of exercise in confinement

Inappropriate ration formulation

153
Q

How do you control Rickets and Osteoporosis?

A

Balanced diet

exercise

154
Q

What is the cause of Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency?

A

Feeds high in the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, copper, vitamin A, or mycotoxins that destroy vitamin E
Grains from soils deficient in selenium or selenium antagonists mixed feeds

155
Q

What diseases are caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency?

A

Mulberry Heart Disease
Hepatosis dietetica
White muscle disease

156
Q

In what animal is White muscle disease found in?

A

Chickens
lambs
calves

157
Q

What age of pigs is affected by Mulberry Heart Disease?

A

weeks to 4 months of age

158
Q

Aflatoxicosis

A

fungi growing on peanuts, corn, wheat, and other grains that produce hepatotoxins

159
Q

What age pigs are affected by Aflatoxins?

A

young nursing or weaned pigs

160
Q

Transmission of Aflatoxins

A

ingested by a lactating dam and expressed in the milk

161
Q

Clinical signs of Aflatoxins

A 
reduced feed intake 
reduced growth 
immunosuppression 
sudden deaths hemorrhages in tissuse
icterus
162
Q

Lesions of Aflatoxins

A

heptatotoxicosis
fibrosis
ascites

163
Q

Ergotism

A

Claviceps purpurea is a fungus of many grasses and cereals (rye, oat, and wheat)

164
Q

Lesions of Ergotism

A 
ischemic necrosis 
gangrenous sloughing of parts of extremities of tails, ears, and hooves 
inhibition of mammary development 
reduce litter size 
reduce birth weight s
profound post-farrowing agalactia
165
Q

Lesions of Fumonisin toxicity

A

cytotoxic to many cells and immunosuppressive

166
Q

T-2 toxin

A

causes crusting and ulceration of the skin of the snout, lips, buccal commissures, and prepuce

167
Q

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin)

A

produce vomiting

reduce feed intake

168
Q

Zearalenone

A

present in moldy corn, standing corn, and other grains or pelleted cereal feeds

169
Q

Effects of Zearalenone in prepubertal gilts

A

estrongenic effect that results in vulvovagintis and precocious mammary development
Swelling and enlargement of the vulva leading to tenesmus with prolapse of rectum

170
Q

Transmission of Zearalenone

A

Passed in sows milk

171
Q

Effects of Zearalenone in sows

A

persistent anestrus or pseudopregnancy

172
Q

Effects of Zearalenone in Boars

A

reduced libido
decreased testicular size
preputial enlargement

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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