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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Swine Medicine > Flashcards

Swine Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of commercial breeding farms?

A

Pyramidal structure (nucleus herds - breeding herds - finishing herds)

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2
Q

Specific pathogen free herd

A

piglets are born through c-section and raised in a sterile environment

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3
Q

What is the daily growth of piglets?

A

950-1200g/day

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4
Q

What part of the diet causes diarrhea and gastric ulceration in pigs?

A

high protein diets

fine grinding of pig feed

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5
Q

What is produced in colostrum of sows to enhance uptake of intact immunoglobulins?

A

anti-trypsin factor

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6
Q

What causes low gastric motility in piglets?

A

Chilling

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7
Q

What causes enteral infections in piglets?

A

neutral pH of the stomach

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8
Q

Batch farrowing

A

All sows farrow on the same day at the same time to enable cross fostering if needed

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9
Q

What age of piglets are susceptible to Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

2-10 days

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

Mesocolonic edema and colon filled with creamy diarrhea

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11
Q

What are the lesions associated with Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis

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12
Q

How do you diagnose Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

ELISA of fresh feces

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia?

A

Virginiamycin in sows before and after farrowing

Tylosin in piglets

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14
Q

What age of piglets is affected by Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

2-10 days

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15
Q

What are the lesions associated with Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia

A

mild multifocal suppurative enteritis with large gram-positive rods

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Diarrhea

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17
Q

How do you diagnose Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Isolation and genotyping of an enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium perfringens type A associated enterotoxemia?

A

Bacitracin in sows and piglets. Salinomycin

vaccination

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19
Q

What age of piglets is affected by E. coli?

A

one day old to 2-4 weeks post weaning

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20
Q

What are the virulence factors affected by E. coli?

A

fimbria
enterotoxins
endotoxins
capsules

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21
Q

What is the transmission of E. coli?

A

Dam

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for E. coli?

A

Continuous farrowing accompanied by poor sanitation and chilling

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of E. coli in piglets?

A 
Body temp is subnormal 
Shivering 
watery diarrhea 
vomiting 
polyserositis
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24
Q

How do you diagnose E. coli in piglets?

A

Culture uniform E. coli from SI

Identify enterotoxigenic E. coli with PCR

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25
What is the treatment for E. coli in piglets?
Antimicrobials oral and parenteral - Ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, furizolidone, potentiated sulphur drugs
26
How do you control E. coli in piglets?
Good sanitation All in all out Sow vaccination twice before farrowing
27
What age of piglets is affected by Edema disease (colibacillosis)?
recently weaned pigs
28
What are the clinical signs of Edema disease (colibacillosis)?
``` Edema at certain sites sudden deaths Neurologic signs related to lesions of the brain Anorexia Ataxia stupor recumbency paddling running movements Abnormal squeal when handled ```
29
What causes coccidiosis in piglets?
Isospora suis
30
What is the age of piglets affected by Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?
1-3 week old nursing piglets
31
What is the source if infection for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?
Sows - feces contaminated feed and water
32
What are the clinical signs of Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?
Yellow to clear pasty to watery diarrhea dehydration rough hair coat failure to gain weight
33
What is the control measures for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?
Good sanitation disinfection of farrowing pens steam cleaning
34
What is the treatment for Isospora suis (coccidiosis)?
Toltrazuril
35
What age of piglets is affected by Rotaviral enteritis?
1-6 week old pigs | one week after weaning pigs
36
What are the clinical signs of Rotaviral enteritis?
Diarrhea vomiting nonfatal
37
What are the lesions associated with Rotaviral enteritis?
moderate villous atrophy
38
How do you diagnose Rotaviral enteritis?
EM or ELISA of feces | FAT or IHC of SI epithelium
39
What age of piglets is affected by Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?
All affected is previously unexposed | Most severe in pigs less than 4 weeks old
40
What are the clinical signs of the acute form of Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?
Vomiting and high mortality Bright yellow feces in older pigs Marked diarrhea in feeder age pigs Vomiting, depression, and refusal to nurse in acutely infected sows
41
How do you diagnose Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)?
FAT or IHC of acutely affected pigs | PCR on feces
42
What is the most important Streptococcal infection of pigs in nursing and weaned pigs?
Streptococcus suis
43
What age of pigs is affected by Streptococcus suis?
Nursing or weaned piglets
44
Clinical signs of Streptococcus suis
``` septicemia acute meningitis Polyarthritis Polyserositis bronchopneumonia CNS signs in young pigs (Older pigs) - ataxia, opisthotonos, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, blindness, and deafness ```
45
What is the transmission of Streptococcus suis
Dust or feces Isolated from the nasal cavity and palatine tonsils of normal pigs Present in the feces and nasal secretions of carriers Ingestion Inhalation Contact Wounds
46
How do you control Streptococcus suis
``` Elimination of stresses Overcrowding poor ventilation High humidity Poor sanitation Vaccination of sows prior to farrowing ```
47
What is the treatment for Streptococcus suis
``` Injectable Abx (ampicillin, penicillin, tiamulin, ceftiofur) Infeed and water Abx ```
48
When do you see Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?
3 days after farrowing
49
Clinical signs of Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?
``` Mastitis fever vaginal discharge listlessness weakness anorexia sternal recumbency refusal to nurse piglets ```
50
What are the risk factors for Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?
``` lack of nursing stimulation bacterial metritis mastitis mammary edema little exercise poor feeding constipation obesity moldy feeds poor sanitation ```
51
Control of Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)?
Exercise nutrition BCS
52
What causes teat necrosis and vulvar swelling in young piglets?
Zearalenone
53
In what age of piglets do you see Pityriasis rosea?
12 week old pigs
54
Lesions of Pityriasis rosea?
1-20 cm raised reddened ring shaped lesions on the skin usually ventral abdomen
55
What is the treatment for Pityriasis rosea?
Resolves spontaneously
56
Splay leg
Abnormality of neonatal piglets characterized by lateral extension of the hind legs with inability to adduct the legs Front legs may be variably affected
57
Principle lesion of Splay leg?
myofibrillar hypoplasia
58
Risk factors for splay leg
``` genetic predisposition slippery or sloped floors PSS (Porcine Stress syndrome) Dietary deficiencies low birth weights Tremorsin piglets ```
59
Treatment for Splay leg
Tying front or back legs loosely together for 2 weeks
60
How do you control Splay lag?
Selection of breeding stock with no tendency
61
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
Inherited condition that occurs in 4 breeds | Characterized by discrete areas of skin over parts of the back, loins, and thighs
62
Lesions of Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
discrete areas of skin over parts of the back, loins, thighs, and anterior surface of the tongue Hydroureter Hydronephrosis Aborted fetuses
63
What age of pigs are effected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
growing or adult swine
64
Lesions of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Enlarged joints lameness endocarditis Rhomboid skin lesions
65
Transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Carriers - feces and oronasal secretions
66
Clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Fever cyanotic skin around ears, snout, throat, and ventral abdomen discrete raised and red to purplae areas of skin shapes Swollen painful joints abortion valvular lesions causing exercise intolerance
67
Control of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Regular vaccination good sanitation elimination of carrier with skin and joint lesions quarantine of appropriate stock
68
Treatment of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Penicillin | Antiserum
69
What causes greasy pig disease?
Staphylococcus hyicus
70
What are the risk factors of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?
``` Vesicular viral disease nutritional deficiencies ringworm infections pityriasis rosea parasitism poor ventilation and sanitation Wounds ```
71
What age of piglets is affected by greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?
less than 8 weeks old | nursery pigs
72
Clinical signs of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?
Brownish spots 1-2cm in diameter covered by serum and exudate appear on the skin of the face or head no pruritis
73
Control of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?
Isollation | Mingling of piglets avoided
74
Treatment of greasy pig disease (Staphylococcus hyicus)?
Spraying of pigs several times with solutions of 10% bleach, chlorhexidine, Virkon, or dilute iodine
75
What causes Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae | Brachyspira pilosicoli
76
Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
Severe infectious disease characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and marked inflammation limited to the large intestine (cecum or colon)
77
What age piglets are affected with Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)?
Growing/finishing pigs
78
Transmission of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
ingestion of infected fecal material persist in water and moist feces for 2 months Carrier animals
79
Clinical signs of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
``` Mucoid diarrhea to mucohemorrhagic diarrhea tail twitching humped gaunt appearance Dehydration marked weakness hollow fanks weight loss ```
80
How do you diagnose of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
Culture from rectal swabs
81
How do you prevent Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
replacement animals from free herds after 30-60 day quarantine
82
Treatment of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
Tiamulin carbadox lincomycin
83
Elimination of Swine Dysentery and Spirochetal Colitis (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli)
1. early weaning 2. Extensive medication 3. depopulation with thorough cleaning and disinfection during dry and warm months
84
lesions of Salmonellosis
Septicemia | Enterocolitis
85
Clinical signs of Septicemic Salmonellosis
``` Septicemic Salmonellosis inappetence huddling weakness temperatures up to 107F red to purple discoloration of skin of the extremities ```
86
Transmission of Salmonellosis
Fecal-oral route | Contaminated feed and water and aerosols
87
Risk factors of Salmonellosis
Stressful events Prolonged transport Drought overcrowding
88
Clinical signs of Enterocolitis Salmonellosis
anorexia watery to yellow diarrhea intermittent progression to mucus, fibrin, and blood in the feces emaciation weight loss
89
Control of Salmonellosis
``` Dry housing proper animal density Good ventilation High standard of sanitation Quarantine All in All out ```
90
Treatment of Salmonellosis
``` Carbadox Gentamycin Neomycin Tiamulin ceftiofur ```
91
What causes Porcine Proliferative Enteritis?
Lawsonia intracellularis
92
Lesions of Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammation | ulceration or hemorrhages
93
Clinical signs of Acute Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
diarrhea with brownish to black unclotted blood pallor weakness rapid death
94
Clinical signs of Chronic Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
sporadic diarrhea wasting variation in growth rate
95
Control of Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
Minimizing stressors | vaccination of grower pigs
96
Treatment for Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
``` Tylosin Tetracyclines Lincomycin tiamulin carbadox ```
97
What age pigs is affected with Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
6-20 weeks old pigs
98
What does Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia secrete?
Exotocins: ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, ApxIV
99
Transmission of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
Direct contact Nasal secretions Carriers
100
Risk factors for Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
Overstocking poor ventilation stress
101
Clinical signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
``` Sudden death sudden onset of prostration high temperatire apathy anorexia stiffness vomiting diarrhea Shallow nonproductive cough Cyanosis High mortality ```
102
Control of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
Closed herd Replacements from free herd Avoid overstocking Vaccination
103
Treatment of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
``` Parenteral in water or feed Tiamulin Tulathromycin Chllortetracycline ceftiofur tilmicosin Florfenicol Enrofloxacin PPG ```
104
Diagnoss Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia?
Isolation and identification of APP PCR of toxins ELISA
105
What causes Atrophic Rhinitis?
Bordetella Bronchoseptica | Pasteurella multcida
106
Clinical signs of Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella Bronchoseptica and Pasteurella multcida)
snuffling sneezing snorting nosebleed serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge "dirty" hair below canthus atrophy and distortion of the turbinates nasal and facial bones affected
107
What does Toxigenic Bordetella cause?
atrophy of turbinates leading to mild lesions
108
What does Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida cause?
isoalted from tonsils of animals with or without disease. It produced a potent dermonecrotizing toxin that causes marked turbinate atrophy which could be lifetime. Bordetella colonization predisposes to Pasteurella colonization
109
Transmission of Atrophic Rhinitis
Dust ammonia inapparent carriers poor management or housing
110
Control of Atrophic Rhinitis
Improvement of husbandry, management, and housing | Vaccination of sows and pigs
111
Common name of Porcine circovirus Type 2
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome
112
What is the age of pigs affected with Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?
nursery and growing pigs (2-4 months)
113
Lesions of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?
Lymphocytic depletion in LNs accompanied by histiocytic infiltration
114
Clinical signs of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)
``` Loss of BCS enlarged LNs Wasting repro failure abortion unthriftiness rough hair coat polypnea dyspnea pallor diarrhea icterus stunted growth PDNS - red-purple blotches on the skin, slightly raised ```
115
How do you diagnose Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)?
Lesions present
116
Control of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)
All in allout thorough cleaning and disinfection euthanasia
117
Treatment of Porcine circovirus Type 2 (Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic wasting syndrome)
No treatment Anti-inflammatory agents Antimicrobials
118
PRRS
Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome
119
Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals and respiratory disease in pigs of any age
120
What are the age of pigs affected with Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?
young growing pigs naive finishing pigs breeding stock
121
What is the most economically significant disease to affect the US swine production?
Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
122
Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?
Long term carriers (200+ days) Nasal secretions, urine, semen, mammary secretions, and feces Rodents or flies Direct contact
123
Clinical signs of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?
(Breeding age gilts) - anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, respiratory distress, or vomiting, mild cyanosis of the ears, abdomen, and vulva, increase in premature farrowings, late term abortions, mummified fetuses, decrease in semen quality in boars (Young, growing, and finishing pigs): Fever, depression, lethargy, stunting, sneezing, expiratory dyspnea, increased post-weaning mortality
124
How do you diagnose Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?
Virus identification
125
Control of Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?
Vaccination | aggressive acclimatization of replacement breeding stock
126
What causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
Coronavirus
127
Clinical signs of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
severe diarrhea vomiting high morbidity variable mortality
128
What age is affected by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
suckling or recently weaned pigs
129
What is the incubation period of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
2-4 days | Natural immunity - 2-3 weeks
130
Transmission of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
Fecal-oral route | In market places etc
131
Control of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
heating trailers up 160F for 10 mins or room temp for 7 days | BIOSECURITY
132
Diagnosis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
ELISA
133
Treatment of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
Supportive therapy clean and dry environment high quality drinking water Supplementing water with electrolytes
134
In what age group in pigs is affected by iodine deficiency?
Pregnant sows
135
Clinical signs of Iodine deficiency
Birth of weak or dead pigs devoid of hair mucinous edema over enlarged foreparts of the body skin in the areas is thick and doughy
136
What are the causes of iodine deficiency?
Ingestion of goitrogenic substances | iodine toxicity from dams being fed excess iodine
137
Treatment of iodine deficiency in pigs
iodized salt in the ration of gestating sows
138
What is the cause of iron deficiency in piglets?
Colostum and milk is deficient | Rapid growth and expansion of blood volume
139
What age group is affected by iron deficiency?
suckling piglets
140
Treatment of iron deficiency
supplemental iron PO or IM/IV
141
How is the treatment for iron deficiency administered?
neck muscles IM til 7 days of age | PO after 7 days of age
142
Perakeratosis
zinc-responsive dermatosis
143
What age of pigs is affected by parakeratosis?
2-4 months
144
What is the cause of parakeratosis?
consumption of excessive calcium | no supplementation of zinc
145
Clinical signs o parakeratosis
skin lesions and reduce growth rate
146
Rickets
disease of growing bones caused by deficiency of Vitamin D or phosphorus
147
Osteoporosis
lesion of mature bones due to mobilized minerals from high milk production
148
What is the cause of Rickets
confined animals not exposed to Vitamin D or sunlight | Fed little to no grain or protein supplementation
149
Clinical signs of Rickets
``` Poor growth rate Shot stature enlargement of the ends of long bones lameness deformation o the weightbearing long bones ```
150
Clinical signs of Osteoporosis
Lameness recumbency fractures paraplegia
151
When do you see Osteoporosis?
nursing period | immediately after weaning or during mating
152
What causes Osteoporosis
Lack of exercise in confinement | Inappropriate ration formulation
153
How do you control Rickets and Osteoporosis?
Balanced diet | exercise
154
What is the cause of Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency?
Feeds high in the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, copper, vitamin A, or mycotoxins that destroy vitamin E Grains from soils deficient in selenium or selenium antagonists mixed feeds
155
What diseases are caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency?
Mulberry Heart Disease Hepatosis dietetica White muscle disease
156
In what animal is White muscle disease found in?
Chickens lambs calves
157
What age of pigs is affected by Mulberry Heart Disease?
weeks to 4 months of age
158
Aflatoxicosis
fungi growing on peanuts, corn, wheat, and other grains that produce hepatotoxins
159
What age pigs are affected by Aflatoxins?
young nursing or weaned pigs
160
Transmission of Aflatoxins
ingested by a lactating dam and expressed in the milk
161
Clinical signs of Aflatoxins
``` reduced feed intake reduced growth immunosuppression sudden deaths hemorrhages in tissuse icterus ```
162
Lesions of Aflatoxins
heptatotoxicosis fibrosis ascites
163
Ergotism
Claviceps purpurea is a fungus of many grasses and cereals (rye, oat, and wheat)
164
Lesions of Ergotism
``` ischemic necrosis gangrenous sloughing of parts of extremities of tails, ears, and hooves inhibition of mammary development reduce litter size reduce birth weight s profound post-farrowing agalactia ```
165
Lesions of Fumonisin toxicity
cytotoxic to many cells and immunosuppressive
166
T-2 toxin
causes crusting and ulceration of the skin of the snout, lips, buccal commissures, and prepuce
167
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin)
produce vomiting | reduce feed intake
168
Zearalenone
present in moldy corn, standing corn, and other grains or pelleted cereal feeds
169
Effects of Zearalenone in prepubertal gilts
estrongenic effect that results in vulvovagintis and precocious mammary development Swelling and enlargement of the vulva leading to tenesmus with prolapse of rectum
170
Transmission of Zearalenone
Passed in sows milk
171
Effects of Zearalenone in sows
persistent anestrus or pseudopregnancy
172
Effects of Zearalenone in Boars
reduced libido decreased testicular size preputial enlargement

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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