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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine Neurology > Flashcards

Bovine Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vestibular lesions?

A

Circling and head tilt

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of Frontal lobe lesions?

A

Propulsive movement

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brainstem lesions?

A

Disturbed sensorium
blind
seizures

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cortex lesions?

A

Consciousness

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5
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Responsible for visual reception and interpretation

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Processing link

Initiates and directs voluntary movement

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cerebellar lesions?

A

Spastic ataxia
Dysmetria
Tremors

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Neurological function for survival: breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, awake and alert
Most cranial nerves arise from here

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9
Q

Upper Motor neuron

A

Initiation of voluntary motor activity
Maintenance of muscle tone and posture
Control of muscular activity associated with visceral functions

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10
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Efferent neuron of PNS
Connects CNS with muscle
Function of CNS manifested through LMN
Spinal reflexes

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11
Q

Signs of Upper motor neuron disease

A

Spasticity and hypertonia
Loss of inhibition of myotactic reflexes
Spinal reflexes intact and/or exaggerated
Loss of voluntary motor function

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12
Q

Signs of Lower Upper motor neuron disease

A 
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Muscle weakness
Loss of spinal reflexes
Muscle atrophy 
Loss of motor innervation
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13
Q

What diseases cause Hydrocephalus?

A

Bluetongue

Akbane

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14
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Interferes with the absorption of CSF at the arachnoid villi
Increased CSF pressure causing blindness
Papillidema at the optic chiasm

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15
Q

What is an autosomal recessive trait of Herefords and Shorthorns?

A

Cerebellar abiotrophy

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16
Q

What causes Cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

BVD between 100-200 days gestation

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17
Q

BVD brain lesions

A

Retinal atrophy
optic neuritis
cataracts
micro-ophthalmia with retinal dysplasia

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18
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani that remains viable for years producing and releasing neurotoxins and tetanolysin

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19
Q

Clinical signs of Tetanus

A 
Tetanospasm
Tissue necrotizing effect 
Stiff gait
mild bloat
Difficulty rising 
"Pump-handle" tail
Loss of ruminations 
Erect ears pulled back to poll "sardonic grin"
Prolapsed third eyelid - spasm of retractor oculi muscle 
Spasm of masseter - "Lock jaw" 
Loss of swallowing
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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Tetanus

A

binds to nerve cells taken up by endocystosis
Moves retrograde up the axon
internalized into interneurons that regulate motor neuron activity
Inhibits action of inhibitory neurons
Prevents the release of glycine and GABA
Neurotoxin binds irreversibly

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21
Q

How do animals recover from Tetanus?

A

Recovery only with growth of new nerve terminals (days to weeks)

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22
Q

How is tetanus acquired?

A 
wound infection 
castration 
tail docking 
Puncture wounds
retained placenta
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23
Q

What is Tetanus known as?

A

Spastic paralysis

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24
Q

What is the cause of death with Tetanus?

A

Death by respiratory paralysis

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25
Treatment for Tetanus
``` Eliminate infection - wound debridement - Gram + antibiotics Neutralization of Tetanus - Tetanus antitoxin Relief of muscle spasms - Tranquilization: Acepromazine - Muscle relaxation: Diazepam Good nursing care ```
26
How do you prevent Tetanus?
Routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid Booster pregnant ewes/does in late gestation Tetanus antitoxin when docking/castrating
27
When do you vaccinate Tetanus?
at least twice at 2-4 week intervals Start around 6 weeks of age Booster 8-10 weeks
28
Where does Botulism come from?
decaying vegetation, carrion
29
How does Botulism work?
Exotoxin blocks Ach release and causes flaccid paralysis
30
What are the clinical signs of Botulism?
Inability to eat | limberneck
31
How do you prevent Botulism?
no vaccine available
32
How do you treat Botulism?
Antitoxin
33
Tick paralysis
Ascending LMN disease caused by neurotoxin in tick saliva
34
How do you treat Tick paralysis?
Remove the tick
35
What are the stages of Rabies?
Prodromal Furious Paralytic
36
How do you prevent Rabies?
Vaccination of valuable animals
37
How is the the furious stage of Rabies caused?
Infection of limbic system
38
How is the the paralytic stage of Rabies caused?
Infection of neocortex
39
How is Listeriosis spread?
feces of may mammals, birds, and fish
40
What are the sources of Listeria exposure?
``` Fecal contamination Chronic intramammary infection Poultry litter used as bedding Bacteria found in decaying organic matter (pH>5) venereal transmission possible ```
41
Clinical signs of Listeria
``` Dysphagia Circling Multiple unilaterally cranial nerve deficits Fever Silage eye: uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis Anorexia Recumbent Opisthotonos padding ```
42
Causes of Listeria
Requires wound for entry Rough browse/hay Erupting teeth Environmental and nutritional stress
43
Pathogenesis of Listeria
Rootlet trigeminal leads to intra-axonal migration to the brainstem Cell to cell movement evades phagocytosis
44
Treatment for Listeria
Nasogastric intubation with gruel Procaine Penicillin or Tetracycline Supportive care: NSAIDs, fludis, vitamins
45
Listeria Lesions
Turbid CSF Softened medulla oblongata Autolyzed fetus
46
Diagnosis for Listeria
Stress Leukogram Dehydration CSF: increased protein high in mononuclear cells Multifocal to coalescing areas of necrosis Severe infiltration of macrophages/neutrophils Axonal swelling & degeredation Lesions most severe in pons & medulla
47
What is the cause of Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis?
Histophilus somni
48
Clinical signs of Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis?
``` pneumonia arthritis UTI abortion myocarditis neurologic disease: Ataxia, weakness Lateral recumbency profound depresison opisthotonus convulsions "sleeper syndrome" Vision loss in contralateral eye Depression mania head pressing circling with head tilt toward the side of the lesion ```
49
Treatment for Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis
Antibiotic: gram - | Euthanasia
50
Lesions of Histophilus somni
Focal myocarditis | Abscess of the heart
51
What causes Brain and Pituitary abscesses?
Trueperella pyogenes
52
What are the clinical signs of Brain and Pituitary abscesses?
``` Vision loss in contralateral eye depression mania head pressing circling with head tilt toward other side of the lesion ```
53
Clinical signs of Pituitary abscess
``` Blindness Pupillary dysfunction nystagmus dysphagia facial paralysis circling head tilt ```
54
What is the cause of Pituitary abscess?
Dehorning complication | Head butting
55
Polioencephalomalacia
Swelling and softening of gray matter | Dysfunction of Na-K ATP pump
56
What is the pathogenesis of Poliencephalomalacia?
Thiaminases cause sulfur and sulfates metabolized to toxic sulfide ions Grain diets promote H2S gas that is absorbed or inhaled post-eructation S interferes with oxidative processes of mitochondria, leading to depletion of ATP
57
Clinical signs of Polio
``` Central blindness ataxia proprioceptive deficits head pressing hyperexcitability Recumbency opisthotonus seizures coma death Dorsal medial strabismus convulsions ```
58
Which animals are commonly affected by Polio?
growing animals
59
Diagnostic tests for Polio
Test food/water for H2S greater than 1000ppm in water greater than 4000ppm in diet greater than 1000ppm in rumen gas
60
Treatment for Polio
Thiamine IV or IM until improvement Increase forage add glucogenic precursors Dexamethasone
61
Clinical signs of Nervous ketosis
Wandering head pressing compulsive licking Bilateral blindness with intact pupillary function
62
Lesions associated with nervous ketosis
Diffuse cerebrocortical neuronal necrosis | Cerebellar Purkinje cell necrosis
63
What is the main isolate for Otitis media/externa?
Mycoplasma bovis
64
Cause of Meningitis
Septicemia in calves | Chronic sinusitis
65
Sources of Lead toxicosis
``` grease oil old paint lead-headed nails batteries linoleum smelter discharges ```
66
Clinical signs of Lead Toxicity
``` Sudden death central blindness tremors chewing fits seizures bellowing occasional aggressive behavior ```
67
Lesions of Lead Toxicity
Basophilic stippling normocytic normochromic anemia
68
Treatment for Lead Toxicity
Remove from source Intermittent CaEDTA to chelate from bone Thiamine early in disease
69
Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in C1-5
UMN to front and hindlimbs
70
Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in C6-T2
LMN to front limbs and UMN to hindlimbs
71
Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in T3-L3
UMN to hind limbs
72
Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in Sacral intumescence
LMN to hindlimbs Anus bladder
73
Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in Coccygeal nerves
LMN to tail and spinal area
74
Common name of Enzootic Ataxia
"Swayback"
75
Lesions of Enzootic Ataxia
Bilateral symmetric myelin degradation in dorsolateral spinal cord tracts +/- cavitations in cerebral white matter Myelin degeneration secondary to oxidative degeneration
76
Clinical signs of Enzootic Ataxia
Rear limb ataxia muscle atrophy and paresis Tetraparesis Progressive paresis in older animals
77
Treatment of Enzootic Ataxia
Supplement Cu to prevent
78
Diagnostics for Enzootic Ataxia
Measure body tissue Cu Plasma copper status and assess dietary Cu Liver biopsy
79
What is the recessive defect in pure/mixed breed Charolais calves 6-36 months?
Progressive ataxia
80
Clinical signs of progressive ataxia
``` Stiff neck dragging rear toes stumbling proprioceptive deficits worsens with exercise Difficulty in maintaining posture during urination and pulsatile micturition ```
81
What neurological disease is seen in Brown Swiss calves?
Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy | "Weaver Syndrome"
82
Clinical signs of Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy
``` Paraparesis ataxia dysmetria of pelvic limbs insidious progression muscle wasting over hindquarters ```
83
Lesions of Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Lesions in white matter of spinal cord Axonal swelling degeneration vacuolation
84
What are the muscarinic effects of Organophosphate toxicity?
``` Dyspnea Hypersalivation Diarrhea Bradycardia Pupillary constriction ```
85
What are the Nictotinic effects of Organophosphate toxicity?
Muscle tremors Tetany Recumbency Opisthotonos
86
What is the treatment for Organophosphate toxicity?
Atropine in cattle and sheep to reduce muscarinic signs Oral activated charcoal Oximes to break bond of OP and AChase within first 24 hours
87
Clinical signs of Cervical fractures
Pain on palpation Refuse to lower hear and resist passive flexion Refuse to lower head to eat
88
What causes Vertebral osteomyelitis/ spinal abscess?
Pulmonary/umbilical infections | tail docking
89
What are the clinical signs of vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess?
``` Malaise fever stiffness lack of proprioception paresis recumbency ```
90
What are the causes of Epidural Abscesses?
Trueperella pyogenes | Corynebacterium sp
91
Treatment for Epidural Abscesses
Surgical curettage lavage drainage Long-term antibiotics
92
How do you prevent Epidural abscesses?
Adequate colostrum
93
What causes Spinal cord fractures?
Trauma Osteodystrophy Nutritional deficiencies in 3-6 mos ruminants
94
Clinical signs of Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
Pelvic limb paresis Ataxia recumbency
95
Lesions of Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
Lesions in spinal cord white matter marked axonal degeneration loss of axons and myelin and status spongiosus
96
Clinical signs of Hepatic encephalopathy
Hanging head Pica Ataxia
97
Hypoderma bovis
Deposits eggs on legs Hatch and burrow into skin 1st instar larvae migrate SQ to spinal cord
98
"Warbles"
Hypoderma bovis
99
Spinal hypodermosis
Neurologic signs associated with death of larvae near spinal cord when treated with OPs and avermectins
100
Clinical signs of Spinal hypodermosis
severe inflammatory reaction and/or toxins released by dying larvae Rear limb paresis and ataxia recumbency
101
Treatment for Spinal hypodermosis
Anti-inflammatory agents Dexamethsone Deworm with avermectins before larvae reach spinal cord
102
How do you treat Obturator Nerve damage?
Aqua cow
103
What must you be careful of causing with the treatment of Obturator Nerve damage?
mastitis
104
Clinical signs of Rabies
``` Rear limb paresis Ptyalism Paraphimosis Tenesmus Flaccid distended urinary bladder Large volume of feces in the rectum Elevated rectal temp Elevated pulse dehydration Marked disorientation ```
105
Clinical pathology findings of Rabies
``` Polycythemia Neutrophilia Lymphopenia Hyperglobulinemia Increased aspartate aminotransferase Increased creatinine kinase Elevated serum creatinine Diffuse mononuclear encephalomyelitis Focal areas of necrosis perivascular cuffing Negri bodies ```
106
What do you see on CSF with rabies?
Protein | Mononuclear cells
107
Diagnostic tests for Rabies
Fluorescent Antibody test

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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