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RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 > Bovine Neurology > Flashcards

Bovine Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vestibular lesions?

A

Circling and head tilt

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of Frontal lobe lesions?

A

Propulsive movement

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brainstem lesions?

A

Disturbed sensorium
blind
seizures

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cortex lesions?

A

Consciousness

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5
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Responsible for visual reception and interpretation

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Processing link

Initiates and directs voluntary movement

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cerebellar lesions?

A

Spastic ataxia
Dysmetria
Tremors

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Neurological function for survival: breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, awake and alert
Most cranial nerves arise from here

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9
Q

Upper Motor neuron

A

Initiation of voluntary motor activity
Maintenance of muscle tone and posture
Control of muscular activity associated with visceral functions

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10
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Efferent neuron of PNS
Connects CNS with muscle
Function of CNS manifested through LMN
Spinal reflexes

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11
Q

Signs of Upper motor neuron disease

A

Spasticity and hypertonia
Loss of inhibition of myotactic reflexes
Spinal reflexes intact and/or exaggerated
Loss of voluntary motor function

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12
Q

Signs of Lower Upper motor neuron disease

A 
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Muscle weakness
Loss of spinal reflexes
Muscle atrophy 
Loss of motor innervation
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13
Q

What diseases cause Hydrocephalus?

A

Bluetongue

Akbane

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14
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Interferes with the absorption of CSF at the arachnoid villi
Increased CSF pressure causing blindness
Papillidema at the optic chiasm

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15
Q

What is an autosomal recessive trait of Herefords and Shorthorns?

A

Cerebellar abiotrophy

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16
Q

What causes Cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

BVD between 100-200 days gestation

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17
Q

BVD brain lesions

A

Retinal atrophy
optic neuritis
cataracts
micro-ophthalmia with retinal dysplasia

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18
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani that remains viable for years producing and releasing neurotoxins and tetanolysin

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19
Q

Clinical signs of Tetanus

A 
Tetanospasm
Tissue necrotizing effect 
Stiff gait
mild bloat
Difficulty rising 
"Pump-handle" tail
Loss of ruminations 
Erect ears pulled back to poll "sardonic grin"
Prolapsed third eyelid - spasm of retractor oculi muscle 
Spasm of masseter - "Lock jaw" 
Loss of swallowing
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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Tetanus

A

binds to nerve cells taken up by endocystosis
Moves retrograde up the axon
internalized into interneurons that regulate motor neuron activity
Inhibits action of inhibitory neurons
Prevents the release of glycine and GABA
Neurotoxin binds irreversibly

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21
Q

How do animals recover from Tetanus?

A

Recovery only with growth of new nerve terminals (days to weeks)

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22
Q

How is tetanus acquired?

A 
wound infection 
castration 
tail docking 
Puncture wounds
retained placenta
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23
Q

What is Tetanus known as?

A

Spastic paralysis

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24
Q

What is the cause of death with Tetanus?

A

Death by respiratory paralysis

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25
Q

Treatment for Tetanus

A 
Eliminate infection 
- wound debridement 
- Gram + antibiotics 
Neutralization of Tetanus 
- Tetanus antitoxin
Relief of muscle spasms
- Tranquilization: Acepromazine 
- Muscle relaxation: Diazepam
Good nursing care
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26
Q

How do you prevent Tetanus?

A

Routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid
Booster pregnant ewes/does in late gestation
Tetanus antitoxin when docking/castrating

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27
Q

When do you vaccinate Tetanus?

A

at least twice at 2-4 week intervals
Start around 6 weeks of age
Booster 8-10 weeks

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28
Q

Where does Botulism come from?

A

decaying vegetation, carrion

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29
Q

How does Botulism work?

A

Exotoxin blocks Ach release and causes flaccid paralysis

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Botulism?

A

Inability to eat

limberneck

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31
Q

How do you prevent Botulism?

A

no vaccine available

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32
Q

How do you treat Botulism?

A

Antitoxin

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33
Q

Tick paralysis

A

Ascending LMN disease caused by neurotoxin in tick saliva

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34
Q

How do you treat Tick paralysis?

A

Remove the tick

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35
Q

What are the stages of Rabies?

A

Prodromal
Furious
Paralytic

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36
Q

How do you prevent Rabies?

A

Vaccination of valuable animals

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37
Q

How is the the furious stage of Rabies caused?

A

Infection of limbic system

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38
Q

How is the the paralytic stage of Rabies caused?

A

Infection of neocortex

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39
Q

How is Listeriosis spread?

A

feces of may mammals, birds, and fish

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40
Q

What are the sources of Listeria exposure?

A 
Fecal contamination 
Chronic intramammary infection 
Poultry litter used as bedding
Bacteria found in decaying organic matter (pH>5)
venereal transmission possible
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41
Q

Clinical signs of Listeria

A 
Dysphagia 
Circling 
Multiple unilaterally cranial nerve deficits 
Fever 
Silage eye: uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis
Anorexia
Recumbent
Opisthotonos 
padding
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42
Q

Causes of Listeria

A

Requires wound for entry
Rough browse/hay
Erupting teeth
Environmental and nutritional stress

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43
Q

Pathogenesis of Listeria

A

Rootlet trigeminal leads to intra-axonal migration to the brainstem
Cell to cell movement evades phagocytosis

44
Q

Treatment for Listeria

A

Nasogastric intubation with gruel
Procaine Penicillin or Tetracycline
Supportive care: NSAIDs, fludis, vitamins

45
Q

Listeria Lesions

A

Turbid CSF
Softened medulla oblongata
Autolyzed fetus

46
Q

Diagnosis for Listeria

A

Stress Leukogram
Dehydration
CSF: increased protein high in mononuclear cells
Multifocal to coalescing areas of necrosis
Severe infiltration of macrophages/neutrophils
Axonal swelling & degeredation
Lesions most severe in pons & medulla

47
Q

What is the cause of Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis?

A

Histophilus somni

48
Q

Clinical signs of Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis?

A 
pneumonia 
arthritis
UTI 
abortion 
myocarditis
neurologic disease: Ataxia, weakness
Lateral recumbency 
profound depresison 
opisthotonus
convulsions 
"sleeper syndrome"
Vision loss in contralateral eye 
Depression 
mania
head pressing 
circling with head tilt toward the side of the lesion
49
Q

Treatment for Thromboembolic meningoencaphalitis

A

Antibiotic: gram -

Euthanasia

50
Q

Lesions of Histophilus somni

A

Focal myocarditis

Abscess of the heart

51
Q

What causes Brain and Pituitary abscesses?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brain and Pituitary abscesses?

A 
Vision loss in contralateral eye 
depression 
mania
head pressing
circling with head tilt toward other side of the lesion
53
Q

Clinical signs of Pituitary abscess

A 
Blindness
Pupillary dysfunction 
nystagmus
dysphagia 
facial paralysis 
circling 
head tilt
54
Q

What is the cause of Pituitary abscess?

A

Dehorning complication

Head butting

55
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

Swelling and softening of gray matter

Dysfunction of Na-K ATP pump

56
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Poliencephalomalacia?

A

Thiaminases cause sulfur and sulfates metabolized to toxic sulfide ions
Grain diets promote H2S gas that is absorbed or inhaled post-eructation
S interferes with oxidative processes of mitochondria, leading to depletion of ATP

57
Q

Clinical signs of Polio

A 
Central blindness
ataxia 
proprioceptive deficits
head pressing
hyperexcitability 
Recumbency 
opisthotonus
seizures 
coma
death 
Dorsal medial strabismus
convulsions
58
Q

Which animals are commonly affected by Polio?

A

growing animals

59
Q

Diagnostic tests for Polio

A

Test food/water for H2S
greater than 1000ppm in water
greater than 4000ppm in diet
greater than 1000ppm in rumen gas

60
Q

Treatment for Polio

A

Thiamine IV or IM until improvement
Increase forage add glucogenic precursors
Dexamethasone

61
Q

Clinical signs of Nervous ketosis

A

Wandering
head pressing
compulsive licking
Bilateral blindness with intact pupillary function

62
Q

Lesions associated with nervous ketosis

A

Diffuse cerebrocortical neuronal necrosis

Cerebellar Purkinje cell necrosis

63
Q

What is the main isolate for Otitis media/externa?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

64
Q

Cause of Meningitis

A

Septicemia in calves

Chronic sinusitis

65
Q

Sources of Lead toxicosis

A 
grease
oil 
old paint
lead-headed nails
batteries
linoleum 
smelter discharges
66
Q

Clinical signs of Lead Toxicity

A 
Sudden death 
central blindness
tremors
chewing fits
seizures 
bellowing 
occasional aggressive behavior
67
Q

Lesions of Lead Toxicity

A

Basophilic stippling
normocytic
normochromic anemia

68
Q

Treatment for Lead Toxicity

A

Remove from source
Intermittent CaEDTA to chelate from bone
Thiamine early in disease

69
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in C1-5

A

UMN to front and hindlimbs

70
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in C6-T2

A

LMN to front limbs and UMN to hindlimbs

71
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in T3-L3

A

UMN to hind limbs

72
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in Sacral intumescence

A

LMN to hindlimbs
Anus
bladder

73
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal cord disease in Coccygeal nerves

A

LMN to tail and spinal area

74
Q

Common name of Enzootic Ataxia

A

“Swayback”

75
Q

Lesions of Enzootic Ataxia

A

Bilateral symmetric myelin degradation in dorsolateral spinal cord tracts +/- cavitations in cerebral white matter
Myelin degeneration secondary to oxidative degeneration

76
Q

Clinical signs of Enzootic Ataxia

A

Rear limb ataxia
muscle atrophy and paresis
Tetraparesis
Progressive paresis in older animals

77
Q

Treatment of Enzootic Ataxia

A

Supplement Cu to prevent

78
Q

Diagnostics for Enzootic Ataxia

A

Measure body tissue Cu
Plasma copper status and assess dietary Cu
Liver biopsy

79
Q

What is the recessive defect in pure/mixed breed Charolais calves 6-36 months?

A

Progressive ataxia

80
Q

Clinical signs of progressive ataxia

A 
Stiff neck 
dragging rear toes
stumbling 
proprioceptive deficits
worsens with exercise 
Difficulty in maintaining posture during urination and pulsatile micturition
81
Q

What neurological disease is seen in Brown Swiss calves?

A

Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy

“Weaver Syndrome”

82
Q

Clinical signs of Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A 
Paraparesis 
ataxia
dysmetria of pelvic limbs 
insidious progression 
muscle wasting over hindquarters
83
Q

Lesions of Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A

Lesions in white matter of spinal cord
Axonal swelling
degeneration
vacuolation

84
Q

What are the muscarinic effects of Organophosphate toxicity?

A 
Dyspnea
Hypersalivation 
Diarrhea
Bradycardia
Pupillary constriction
85
Q

What are the Nictotinic effects of Organophosphate toxicity?

A

Muscle tremors
Tetany
Recumbency
Opisthotonos

86
Q

What is the treatment for Organophosphate toxicity?

A

Atropine in cattle and sheep to reduce muscarinic signs
Oral activated charcoal
Oximes to break bond of OP and AChase within first 24 hours

87
Q

Clinical signs of Cervical fractures

A

Pain on palpation
Refuse to lower hear and resist passive flexion
Refuse to lower head to eat

88
Q

What causes Vertebral osteomyelitis/ spinal abscess?

A

Pulmonary/umbilical infections

tail docking

89
Q

What are the clinical signs of vertebral osteomyelitis/spinal abscess?

A 
Malaise
fever
stiffness
lack of proprioception 
paresis
recumbency
90
Q

What are the causes of Epidural Abscesses?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Corynebacterium sp

91
Q

Treatment for Epidural Abscesses

A

Surgical curettage
lavage
drainage
Long-term antibiotics

92
Q

How do you prevent Epidural abscesses?

A

Adequate colostrum

93
Q

What causes Spinal cord fractures?

A

Trauma
Osteodystrophy
Nutritional deficiencies in 3-6 mos ruminants

94
Q

Clinical signs of Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

A

Pelvic limb paresis
Ataxia
recumbency

95
Q

Lesions of Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

A

Lesions in spinal cord white matter
marked axonal degeneration
loss of axons and myelin and status spongiosus

96
Q

Clinical signs of Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Hanging head
Pica
Ataxia

97
Q

Hypoderma bovis

A

Deposits eggs on legs
Hatch and burrow into skin
1st instar larvae migrate SQ to spinal cord

98
Q

“Warbles”

A

Hypoderma bovis

99
Q

Spinal hypodermosis

A

Neurologic signs associated with death of larvae near spinal cord when treated with OPs and avermectins

100
Q

Clinical signs of Spinal hypodermosis

A

severe inflammatory reaction and/or toxins released by dying larvae
Rear limb paresis and ataxia
recumbency

101
Q

Treatment for Spinal hypodermosis

A

Anti-inflammatory agents
Dexamethsone
Deworm with avermectins before larvae reach spinal cord

102
Q

How do you treat Obturator Nerve damage?

A

Aqua cow

103
Q

What must you be careful of causing with the treatment of Obturator Nerve damage?

A

mastitis

104
Q

Clinical signs of Rabies

A 
Rear limb paresis
Ptyalism 
Paraphimosis
Tenesmus
Flaccid distended urinary bladder
Large volume of feces in the rectum
Elevated rectal temp 
Elevated pulse 
dehydration 
Marked disorientation
105
Q

Clinical pathology findings of Rabies

A 
Polycythemia
Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia
Hyperglobulinemia
Increased aspartate aminotransferase
Increased creatinine kinase
Elevated serum creatinine
Diffuse mononuclear  encephalomyelitis
Focal areas of necrosis 
perivascular cuffing 
Negri bodies
106
Q

What do you see on CSF with rabies?

A

Protein

Mononuclear cells

107
Q

Diagnostic tests for Rabies

A

Fluorescent Antibody test

RUSVM Large Animal Medicine II 2017 (12 decks)

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