Bovine Metabolic Disease

Question 1

What score is the body condition of the Dairy cow based on?

Answer 1

1-5 scale

Question 2

When is the peak incidence for Fatty liver syndrome?

Answer 2

2 weeks prepartum to 10 weeks post partum

Question 3

What animals are predispose to Fatty Liver syndrome?

Answer 3

Obese cows post partum

Question 4

What is the pathophysiology of Fatty liver?

Answer 4

Obese cow loses weight leading to fat infiltrating the liver to impair liver function, increase disease susceptibility, reduce fertility, and lay lead to death

Question 5

What are the clinical signs of fatty liver syndrome?

Answer 5

Leukopenia with degenerative left shift and elevation of liver enzymes

Question 6

What is the therapy for fatty liver?

Answer 6

50% glucose intravenously or 25% glucose/25% fructose
Protamine zinc insulin and glucose
Choline and niacin
Propylene glycol or sodium proprionate 
Antibiotics

Question 7

Ketosis

Answer 7

characterized by an abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the body and body fluids

Question 8

Primary ketosis

Answer 8

negative energy balance, especially in early lactation

Question 9

Secondary Ketosis

Answer 9

related to anorexia associated with another disease process

Question 10

Clinical signs of Ketosis

Answer 10

Decreased appetite and milk production
hypocalcemia
Nervous form may occur
Odor of ketones on breath, in urine, and in milk

Question 11

How do you diagnose for Ketosis?

Answer 11

Test for ketones in urine and milk

Question 12

What is the treatment for Ketosis?

Answer 12

Stimulate gluconeogenesis
Increase utilization of blood glucose
Reduce plasma ketones and free fatty acids
Supplement the ration

Question 13

How do you prevent Ketosis?

Answer 13

Maintain proper body condition from the dry period through calving
Encourage maximum dry matter intake
Feed a balanced ration with high quality forages to early lactation cows
Minimize negative energy balance after calving

Question 14

In what animals do you often see Pregnancy toxemia?

Answer 14

Beef cows

Small ruminants

Question 15

Pregnancy Toxemia

Answer 15

caused by chronic underfeeding during the pregnancy, usually lots of poor quality forage with no supplemental grain or energy

Question 16

What is the cause of Parturient paresis?

Answer 16

Hypocalcemia associated with parturition

Rapid onset of milk production results in an acute depletion of serum ionized calcium

Question 17

Clinical signs of Parturient paresis

Answer 17

1) hypersensitivity, excitement, twitching, incoordination
2) sternal recumbency with subnormal temperature and signs related to lack of muscular activity, bloat, dilated pupils
3) complete muscle flaccidity, unable to remain in sternal recumbency, loss of consciousness, coma

Question 18

What is the treatment for Parturient paresis?

Answer 18

Calcium therapy intravenously - calcium borogluconate

Oral administered electrolyte paste

Question 19

What is the common name for Parturient paresis?

Answer 19

Milk fever

Question 20

How do you prevent Parturient paresis?

Answer 20

Regulate and minimize calcium fed during dry period
Increase feeding of anionic salts during the dry period
Orally administered paste at calving

Question 21

What is the most common problem of cattle?

Answer 21

Phosphorus deficiency

Question 22

What animals are severely affected by Hypophosphatemia?

Answer 22

Young animals

Heavily lactating dairy cows

Question 23

Clinical signs of Hypophosphatemia

Answer 23

Decreased feed consumption 
Impaired reproductive performance
Physeal enlargement 
rickets
stiffness
bowed legs
Osteomalacia
stiffness
Spontaneous fractures
Pica
Hemoglobinuria

Question 24

What is the treatment of Hypophosphatemia?

Answer 24

Dietary supplements
Sodium acid phosphate intravenously
Pasture fertilization

Question 25

What is the cause of Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 25

magnesium deficiency when cattle feed on lush green highly fertilized pastures during the cool growing season

Question 26

Clinical signs of Hypomagnesemia

Answer 26

``` Hyperexcitability hyperesthesia Aberrant behavior staggering to lateral recumbency with violent opisthotonus Nystagmus salivation Death ```

Question 27

How do you diagnose Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 27

``` Low magnesium (less than 1.2mg/dl) Hypocalcemia and/or hypophosphatemia ```

Question 28

Treatment for Hypomagnesium

Answer 28

Magnesium hypophosphate Calcium Orally administered electrolyte paste

Question 29

How do you prevent Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 29

Magnesium supplementation during winter grazing Pasture topdressing with magnesium Phosphate fertilization of pastures

Question 30

Downer Cow

Answer 30

cow that remains down in sternal recumbency

Question 31

When is a downer cow seen usually?

Answer 31

2 days before parturition until 10 days after parturition

Question 32

What is the signalment of the downer cow?

Answer 32

5-8 years of age High producers larger cows History of parturient paresis

Question 33

What is the cause of Downer Cow?

Answer 33

Sequel to parturient paresis and pressue damage Muscle damage with or without crush syndrome Nerve damage Skeletal damage Metabolic damage

Question 34

What are the clinical signs of Downer cows?

Answer 34

``` Sternal recumbency or lateral recumbency Bright and alert with normal temperature Respiratory and cardiovascular signs Appetite present but reduced Frequent attempts to rise may result in creeping or crawling ```

Question 35

What is a sign of grave prognosis in a downer cow?

Answer 35

Lateral recumbency

Question 36

What are the clinical findings with Downer cows?

Answer 36

``` Calcium is normal Phosphorus low AST and CPK may be high Proteinuria Myoglobinuria ketonuria ```

Question 37

What is the treatment for the Downer cow?

Answer 37

Adequate treatment for metabolic disorders such as hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia Nursing care with good footing, turning the cow frequently to avoid pressure Lifting devices

Question 38

What are signs of a poor prognosis in the downer cow?

Answer 38

Lateral recumbency Continual rise in CPK Continual rise in BUN

Question 39

How do you prevent the Downer Cow?

Answer 39

Prevention of hypocalcemia Allowing calving in a properly bedded area with frequent supervision Prompt treatment of any recumbent cow