Bovine Metabolic Disease Flashcards
What score is the body condition of the Dairy cow based on?
1-5 scale
When is the peak incidence for Fatty liver syndrome?
2 weeks prepartum to 10 weeks post partum
What animals are predispose to Fatty Liver syndrome?
Obese cows post partum
What is the pathophysiology of Fatty liver?
Obese cow loses weight leading to fat infiltrating the liver to impair liver function, increase disease susceptibility, reduce fertility, and lay lead to death
What are the clinical signs of fatty liver syndrome?
Leukopenia with degenerative left shift and elevation of liver enzymes
What is the therapy for fatty liver?
50% glucose intravenously or 25% glucose/25% fructose Protamine zinc insulin and glucose Choline and niacin Propylene glycol or sodium proprionate Antibiotics
Ketosis
characterized by an abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the body and body fluids
Primary ketosis
negative energy balance, especially in early lactation
Secondary Ketosis
related to anorexia associated with another disease process
Clinical signs of Ketosis
Decreased appetite and milk production
hypocalcemia
Nervous form may occur
Odor of ketones on breath, in urine, and in milk
How do you diagnose for Ketosis?
Test for ketones in urine and milk
What is the treatment for Ketosis?
Stimulate gluconeogenesis
Increase utilization of blood glucose
Reduce plasma ketones and free fatty acids
Supplement the ration
How do you prevent Ketosis?
Maintain proper body condition from the dry period through calving
Encourage maximum dry matter intake
Feed a balanced ration with high quality forages to early lactation cows
Minimize negative energy balance after calving
In what animals do you often see Pregnancy toxemia?
Beef cows
Small ruminants
Pregnancy Toxemia
caused by chronic underfeeding during the pregnancy, usually lots of poor quality forage with no supplemental grain or energy
What is the cause of Parturient paresis?
Hypocalcemia associated with parturition
Rapid onset of milk production results in an acute depletion of serum ionized calcium
Clinical signs of Parturient paresis
1) hypersensitivity, excitement, twitching, incoordination
2) sternal recumbency with subnormal temperature and signs related to lack of muscular activity, bloat, dilated pupils
3) complete muscle flaccidity, unable to remain in sternal recumbency, loss of consciousness, coma
What is the treatment for Parturient paresis?
Calcium therapy intravenously - calcium borogluconate
Oral administered electrolyte paste
What is the common name for Parturient paresis?
Milk fever
How do you prevent Parturient paresis?
Regulate and minimize calcium fed during dry period
Increase feeding of anionic salts during the dry period
Orally administered paste at calving
What is the most common problem of cattle?
Phosphorus deficiency
What animals are severely affected by Hypophosphatemia?
Young animals
Heavily lactating dairy cows
Clinical signs of Hypophosphatemia
Decreased feed consumption Impaired reproductive performance Physeal enlargement rickets stiffness bowed legs Osteomalacia stiffness Spontaneous fractures Pica Hemoglobinuria
What is the treatment of Hypophosphatemia?
Dietary supplements
Sodium acid phosphate intravenously
Pasture fertilization
What is the cause of Hypomagnesemia?
magnesium deficiency when cattle feed on lush green highly fertilized pastures during the cool growing season
Clinical signs of Hypomagnesemia
Hyperexcitability hyperesthesia Aberrant behavior staggering to lateral recumbency with violent opisthotonus Nystagmus salivation Death
How do you diagnose Hypomagnesemia?
Low magnesium (less than 1.2mg/dl) Hypocalcemia and/or hypophosphatemia
Treatment for Hypomagnesium
Magnesium hypophosphate
Calcium
Orally administered electrolyte paste
How do you prevent Hypomagnesemia?
Magnesium supplementation during winter grazing
Pasture topdressing with magnesium
Phosphate fertilization of pastures
Downer Cow
cow that remains down in sternal recumbency
When is a downer cow seen usually?
2 days before parturition until 10 days after parturition
What is the signalment of the downer cow?
5-8 years of age
High producers larger cows
History of parturient paresis
What is the cause of Downer Cow?
Sequel to parturient paresis and pressue damage
Muscle damage with or without crush syndrome
Nerve damage
Skeletal damage
Metabolic damage
What are the clinical signs of Downer cows?
Sternal recumbency or lateral recumbency Bright and alert with normal temperature Respiratory and cardiovascular signs Appetite present but reduced Frequent attempts to rise may result in creeping or crawling
What is a sign of grave prognosis in a downer cow?
Lateral recumbency
What are the clinical findings with Downer cows?
Calcium is normal Phosphorus low AST and CPK may be high Proteinuria Myoglobinuria ketonuria
What is the treatment for the Downer cow?
Adequate treatment for metabolic disorders such as hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Nursing care with good footing, turning the cow frequently to avoid pressure
Lifting devices
What are signs of a poor prognosis in the downer cow?
Lateral recumbency
Continual rise in CPK
Continual rise in BUN
How do you prevent the Downer Cow?
Prevention of hypocalcemia
Allowing calving in a properly bedded area with frequent supervision
Prompt treatment of any recumbent cow
