Vaccines

Question 1

Living or non-living vaccines:
Attenuation

Answer 1

Living

Question 2

Living or non-living vaccines:
Inactivation

Answer 2

Non-living

Question 3

Living or non-living vaccines:
May be natural route (e.g. oral)
May be a single dose

Answer 3

Living

Question 4

Living or non-living vaccines:
Injection
Usually multiple doses

Answer 4

Non-living

Question 5

Living or non-living vaccines:
Adjuvant not required

Answer 5

Living

Question 6

Living or non-living vaccines:
Adjuvant usually required

Answer 6

Non-living

Question 7

Living or non-living vaccines:
Requires cold chain

Answer 7

Living

Question 8

Living or non-living vaccines:
Satisfactory heat lability

Answer 8

Non-living

Question 9

Living or non-living vaccines:
Low cost

Answer 9

Living

Question 10

Living or non-living vaccines:
Duration of immunity is usually years

Answer 10

Living

Question 11

Living or non-living vaccines:
Duration of immunity may be long or short

Answer 11

Non-living

Question 12

Living or non-living vaccines:
Immune response is IgG, IgA, cell-mediated

Answer 12

Living

Question 13

Living or non-living vaccines:
Immune response is mainly IgG, little or no cell-mediated unless given with appropriate adjuvant

Answer 13

Non-living

Question 14

the direct response of an individual to a vaccine under ideal conditions

Answer 14

Efficacy

Question 15

the overall protective responses observed in a vaccinated population

Answer 15

Effectiveness

Question 16

In general, attenuated vaccines should not be administered to these 2 groups

Answer 16

Before 12 months of age
Immunocompromised individuals

Question 17

Vaccines that use T cell help to enhance antibody production against polysaccharide antigens

Answer 17

Conjugate vaccines

Question 18

These stimulate very strong immunity by delaying antigen release, enhancing innate recognition (TLR agonists), and activating T cells

Answer 18

Adjuvants

Question 19

The most widely approved adjuvants are those derived from these

Answer 19

Aluminum salts (collectively referred to as Alum, and composed of aluminum hydroxide or aluminum potassium sulfate)

Question 20

Mixture of aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)

Answer 20

ASO4

Question 21

Non-toxic derivative of LPS that is 100-fold less toxin than LPS

Answer 21

MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A)

Question 22

Oil-in-water vaccine that contains squalene
Used in Europe in the FluAd influenza vaccine

Answer 22

MF50

Question 23

Oil-in-water adjuvants and Alum adjuvants use this effect

Answer 23

Depot effect
allows them to contain an antigen at the site of inoculation for a longer period of time (slow down diffusion), thus increasing the chances of presentation to T cells

Question 24

Subunit vaccine against HPV (Cervarix) is adjuvanted with this

Answer 24

ASO4

Question 25

ASO4 is a mixture of these two things

Answer 25

Aluminum hydroxide and MPL

Question 26

Lipid micelles that arrange amphipathic molecules in a sphere around immunogenic peptides
Desired effect is presentation to CD8 T cells via MHC I presentation

Answer 26

Immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs)

Question 27

Type of vaccines where the benefit is rapid production of vaccines against viruses that change frequently (influenza)

Answer 27

DNA vaccines

Question 28

Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 (ChAdOx1) vaccine is this

Answer 28

Recombinant virus that expresses proteins from pathogenic organisms