Vaccines Flashcards
Living or non-living vaccines:
Attenuation
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Inactivation
Non-living
Living or non-living vaccines:
May be natural route (e.g. oral)
May be a single dose
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Injection
Usually multiple doses
Non-living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Adjuvant not required
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Adjuvant usually required
Non-living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Requires cold chain
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Satisfactory heat lability
Non-living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Low cost
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Duration of immunity is usually years
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Duration of immunity may be long or short
Non-living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Immune response is IgG, IgA, cell-mediated
Living
Living or non-living vaccines:
Immune response is mainly IgG, little or no cell-mediated unless given with appropriate adjuvant
Non-living
the direct response of an individual to a vaccine under ideal conditions
Efficacy
the overall protective responses observed in a vaccinated population
Effectiveness
In general, attenuated vaccines should not be administered to these 2 groups
Before 12 months of age
Immunocompromised individuals
Vaccines that use T cell help to enhance antibody production against polysaccharide antigens
Conjugate vaccines
These stimulate very strong immunity by delaying antigen release, enhancing innate recognition (TLR agonists), and activating T cells
Adjuvants
The most widely approved adjuvants are those derived from these
Aluminum salts (collectively referred to as Alum, and composed of aluminum hydroxide or aluminum potassium sulfate)
Mixture of aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)
ASO4
Non-toxic derivative of LPS that is 100-fold less toxin than LPS
MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A)
Oil-in-water vaccine that contains squalene
Used in Europe in the FluAd influenza vaccine
MF50
Oil-in-water adjuvants and Alum adjuvants use this effect
Depot effect
allows them to contain an antigen at the site of inoculation for a longer period of time (slow down diffusion), thus increasing the chances of presentation to T cells
Subunit vaccine against HPV (Cervarix) is adjuvanted with this
ASO4
ASO4 is a mixture of these two things
Aluminum hydroxide and MPL
Lipid micelles that arrange amphipathic molecules in a sphere around immunogenic peptides
Desired effect is presentation to CD8 T cells via MHC I presentation
Immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs)
Type of vaccines where the benefit is rapid production of vaccines against viruses that change frequently (influenza)
DNA vaccines
Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 (ChAdOx1) vaccine is this
Recombinant virus that expresses proteins from pathogenic organisms
