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MF2 Immunology > B Cells > Flashcards

B Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Name for all proteins which structurally resemble antibodies

A

Immunoglobulin

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2
Q

Proteins made by lymphocytes and plasma cells that specifically react with antigens

A

Antibodies

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3
Q

Type of antigen that causes an immune response

A

Immunogen

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4
Q

Any compound that elicits an immune response

A

Antigen

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5
Q

Do antigens that are proteins and polysaccharides induce a strong or weak immune response?

A

Strong

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6
Q

Do antigens that are lipids and nucleic acids induce a strong or weak immune response?

A

Weak

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7
Q

Chemical structure of an antigen that is directly recognized

A

Epitope

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8
Q

Does an antigen with different epitopes get recognizes more slowly or quickly than an antigen with repeated single epitope?

A

More rapidly (allows multiple different targets for recognition

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9
Q

Antibody chains

A

2 identical heavy and light chains; both contain variable and constant regions

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10
Q

Antigens bind to this location on antibody

A

Fragment antigen-binding (FAb) region (variable region)

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11
Q

Constant region of antibody that tells the host how to handle the Ag:Ab complex
For interaction with host

A

Fragment crystallizable (Fc) region (constant region)

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12
Q

Class of immunoglobulins that exists as a dimer in mucosal immunity

A

IgA

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13
Q

Class of immunoglobulins that has trace amounts in the serum, is a monomer, and functions in naive B cell antigen receptor

A

IgD

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14
Q

Class of immunoglobulins that has small amounts in serum and is involved in immediate hypersensitivity (mast cell activation)

A

IgE

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15
Q

Class of immunoglobulins that has 4 different types, has high levels in serum and a long half-life.
Involved in defense against microbes in all tissues (neutralization, opsonization, complement, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity), neonatal immunity

A

IgG

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16
Q

Class of immunoglobulins that is present in the serum, part of naive B cell antigen receptor (monomeric form), defense against microbes (complement, neutralization), and can have a pentameric structure

A

IgM

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17
Q

Molecule that links secreted IgM to form a pentamer

A

J chain

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18
Q

Function of the J chain

A

Links secreted IgM to form a pentamer

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19
Q

Does IgM have high or low avidity?

A

High due to pentamer structure

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20
Q

Does IgM have high or low affinity?

A

Low

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21
Q

B cells are produced here

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

The association of lymphoid progenitor cells with bone marrow stromal cells is mediated by these types of molecule

A

Cellular adhesion molecules (specifically the integrin VLA-4 and adhesion molecule VCAM-1)

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23
Q

Expressed on B cells and binds to the membrane-bound stem cell factor (a growth factor)

A

Kit

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24
Q

Kit is expressed on these cells

A

B cells

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25
Q

Production of this cytokine by bone marrow stromal cells stimulates B cell growth and proliferation

A

IL-7

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26
Q

IL-7 stimulates this

A

Stimulates B cell growth and proliferation

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27
Q

Is the heavy or light chain rearranged first in B cell rearrangement?

A

Heavy chain

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28
Q

Order of genes rearranged in B cell heavy chain

A

D to J, then V to DJ

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29
Q

Order of genes rearranged in B cell light chain

A

V to J

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30
Q

Number of constant genes on the heavy chain that define the antibody isotype that is being produced by the cell

A

9

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31
Q

Default constant genes for all B cells

A

Cμ (IgM) and Cδ (IgD)

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32
Q

B cells express these immunoglobulins at cell surface during development

A

IgM and IgD

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33
Q

Process of germline rearrangement that ensures gene segments are joined in the correct orientation

A

12/23 rule
Each V, D, or J segment is flanked by recombination signal sequences with either 12 or 23 base pair segments

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34
Q

The 12/23 rule ensures this

A

Ensures gene segments are joined in the correct orientation during lymphocyte germline rearrangement

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35
Q

Sequences which flank each V, D, or J segment and exist as nonamer and heptamer separated by either a 12 or 23 base pair segment

A

Recombination signal sequences (RSS)

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36
Q

Molecules which bind to the 12 and 23 base pair spacers of recombination signal sequences, bringing two heptamer sequences into close proximity through formation of a hairpin that contains the DNA segments that are being removed (V, D, or J)

A

Recombinase-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2)

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37
Q

Recombinase-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2) are involved in this process

A

Germline rearrangement; bind RSSs and aid in removal of sequences between V/D/J segments

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38
Q

Most abundant antibody in the blood

A

IgG

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39
Q

Enzyme that joins chromosomal DNA together to form the coding joint after VDJ rearrangement and removal of RSSs
Contributes to the diversity of Ab repertoire during the formation of the coding joint by adding N-nucleotides

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase (TdT)

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40
Q

Palindromic nucleotides, but they are not complementary to each other and cannot join together

A

P-nucleotides

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41
Q

Antibody that passes through the placenta

A

IgG

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42
Q

Antibody found in milk by lactation

A

IgA

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43
Q

Are rearrangements random?

A

Yes; occur throughout life

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44
Q

What makes up the pre-B cell receptor after heavy chain rearrangement?

A

Rearranged heavy chain, Surrogate light chain, and Iga and IgB (disulfide-linked signaling molecules)

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45
Q

Surrogate light chain is a required component of this

A

Pre-B cell receptor

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46
Q

Describes the strength of binding at a single site

A

Affinity

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47
Q

Describes the strength associated with binding multiple sites

A

Avidity

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48
Q

Process of encoding Ig genes from a single chromosome per cell, instead of both
Makes homogenous BCRs with high-avidity binding

A

Allelic exlcusion

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49
Q

These 2 immunoglobulins are co-expressed at the cell surface of mature, naive B cells by alternative splicing

A

IgM and IgD

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50
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase (TdT) is involved in this process

A

Germline rearrangement 12/23 rule; joins chromosomal DNA together to form coding joint between V/D/J segments
Contributes to Ab diversity

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51
Q

If an immature B cell reacts with self antigen, it undergoes receptor editing via rearrangement of this locus

A

Light chain

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52
Q

Process where elimination of self reactive B cells occurs before they leave the bone marrow

A

Central tolerance

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53
Q

Process where elimination of self reactive B cells occurs after they leave the bone marrow

A

Peripheral tolerance (Anergy)

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54
Q

Chemokine that interacts with its receptor (CCR7) on B cells to attract B cells to the high endothelial venules and into lymph nodes

A

CCL21

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55
Q

Receptor on B cells for CCL21

A

CCR7

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56
Q

CCL21 interacts with its receptor CCR7, which is on these cells

A

B cells

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57
Q

Function of CCL21

A

Attracts B cells to high endothelial venules for movement into lymph nodes

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58
Q

Two TNF-alpha family members that drive the maturation of immature B cells

A

B cell activating factor (BAFF) and Lymphotoxin (LT)

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59
Q

TNF-alpha family member that is produced by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and binds it receptor on B cells to promote survival and maturation of the B cell

A

B cell activating factor (BAFF)

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60
Q

B cell activating factor (BAFF) is produced by these cells

A

Follicular dendritic cells

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61
Q

TNF-alpha family member that is produced by B cells and binds its receptor on FDCs to preserve integrity of the FDC network

A

Lymphotoxin (LT)

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62
Q

Lymphotoxin is produced by these cells

A

B cells

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63
Q

Cross-linking of antigen induces signaling within the B cells that is mediated by these signaling components of the BCR (Ig alpha and beta)

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)

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64
Q

Signaling components of the BCR

A

Ig alpha and beta

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65
Q

Ig alpha and beta are apart of this

A

B cell receptor

66
Q

3 proteins that make up the B cell co-receptor

A

CR2 (aka CD21), CD19, and CD81

67
Q

CR2, CD19, and CD81 form this

A

B cell co-receptor; required for costimulation (cross-linking of the BCR alone is typically not sufficient)

68
Q

Protein that recognizes either iC3b or C3d, and stimulates signaling through CD19

A

Complement receptor (CR2; also known as CD21)

69
Q

Protein that acts as the signaling molecule for the B cell co-receptor

70
Q

CR2 (aka CD21) recognizes either of these 2 proteins and stimulates signaling through CD19

A

iC3b or C3d

71
Q

CR2 (aka CD21) recognizes either iC3b or C3d and stimulates signaling through this

72
Q

3 transcription factors produced after cross-linking and tyrosine phosphorylation events of B cell

A

NFAT, NF-kB, AP1

73
Q

This antibody is secreted in the early phase of humoral immune response

74
Q

B cells undergo affinity maturation (somatic hypermutation) and isotype switching in this location after antigen recognition

A

Germinal center of lymph node

75
Q

After T cell recognizes antigen via peptide:MHC II complex on B cells, it expresses this on its surface, which binds to its counterpart on B cells and provides a second signal for B cell activation, leading to division and differentiation

76
Q

CD40L is expressed on these cells

A

Activated T cells

77
Q

Function of CD40L binding to CD40

A

Provides second signal for B cell activation

78
Q

Antibody serum levels that increase first in an immune response

79
Q

Process that selects for high affinity B cells

A

Somatic hypermutation

80
Q

Enzyme made only by proliferating B cells
Deaminates cytosine residues within the single-stranded DNA into uracil, and DNA repair mechanisms randomly convert the U to any one of the 4 bases found in DNA

A

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)

81
Q

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is involved in this process

A

Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching in B cells

82
Q

Somatic hypermutation occurs in these genes of B cells

A

Variable genes

83
Q

Process by which a B cell changes the constant region that is expressed in its germline

A

Isotype switching

84
Q

Isotype switching involves changes to these genes in B cells

A

Constant regions

85
Q

Enzyme that removes the uracil generated by AID in isotype switching of B cells, leading to recombination

A

Uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG)

86
Q

Uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) is involved in this process

A

Isotype switching in B cells

87
Q

Two T cell effectors that induce B cell isotype switching to IgE

A

IL-4 and IL-13

88
Q

IL-4 and IL-13 promote B cell isotype switching to this Ig

89
Q

Cytokines produced in mucosal tissues (TGF-B, BAFF) promote B cell isotype switching to this Ig

90
Q

Cells that maintain antigen in the germinal center reaction

A

Follicular dendritic cells

91
Q

Secretion of this by helper Tfh cells induces centrocytes to differentiate into plasma cells

92
Q

Secretion of IL-10 by helper Tfh cells induces centrocytes to differentiate this type of cell

A

Plasma cell

93
Q

Secretion of this by helper Tfh cells induces centrocytes to differentiate into memory B cells

94
Q

Secretion of IL-4 by helper Tfh cells induces centrocytes to differentiate into this type of cell

A

Memory B cell

95
Q

After B cells produce antibody, they can bind these receptors on follicular dendritic cells and hold non-complement epitopes in place

A

Fc receptors

96
Q

After B cells produce antibody, they can bind Fc receptors on this type of cell and hold non-complement epitopes in place

A

Follicular dendritic cell

97
Q

Antibody isotype most abundant in the secondary immune response

98
Q

Type of B cells in spleen and other lymphoid organs that recognize protein antigen
Isotype-switched, long lived plasma cells

A

Follicular B cells

99
Q

Type of B cells in spleen and other lymphoid organs that recognize lipids and polysacchardies
Mainly IgM, short-lived plasma cells

A

Marginal zone B cells

100
Q

Type of B cells that supply lots of IgM

A

Marginal zone B cells

101
Q

Marginal zone B cells supply lots of this

102
Q

Type of B cells in mucosal tissues and peritoneal cavity that recognize lipids and polysaccharides
Mainly IgM, short-lived plasma cells
Characterized by expressing CD5 (normally T cell marker)

103
Q

B-1 cells are characterized by expressing this

A

CD5 (normally a T cell marker)

104
Q

CD5 expression is characteristic of this type of B cell

105
Q

Type of T-independent antigens that can activate B cells by relying on complement components and TLR recognition of microbial products

A

TI-1 antigens (ex: LPS)

106
Q

Type of T-independent antigens that activate B cells by extensively cross-linking the BCR and its co-receptor due to repetitive expression of identical epitopes on the surface of the pathogen

A

TI-2 antigens

107
Q

B-1 cells typically respond to this type of antigen

A

TI-2 antigens

108
Q

Only antibody type that can be produced without T cell help due to lack of interaction in germinal centers and no isotype switching

109
Q

Type of B cells that respond to TI-2 antigens

110
Q

3 major antibodies that circulate throughout the body via the bloodstream

A

IgM, monomeric IgA and IgG

111
Q

2 major antibodies in extracellular fluid

A

Monomeric IgA and IgG

112
Q

Type of antibody that coats mucosal surfaces

A

Dimeric IgA

113
Q

Type of antibody that associated with mast cells in the connective tissue beneath epithelial surfaces, particularly the skin, respiratory tract, and GI tract

114
Q

Passive transfer of this antibody from mother to fetus occurs across the placenta via the FcRn

115
Q

Passive transfer of IgG from mother to fetus occurs across the placenta via this

116
Q

Function of FcRn

A

Passive transfer of IgG across placenta

117
Q

Antibody present in breast milk

A

Dimeric IgA

118
Q

Receptor that transports dimeric IgA across mucosal surfaces
Binds to mucins and holds IgA in the mucus layer
Protects the IgA from degradation by enzymes present at mucosal sites

119
Q

People with an IgA immunodeficiency transport this antibody to mucosal surfaces via the pIgR

120
Q

pIgR binds to dimeric IgA via this to transport it across epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

121
Q

Purpose of the J chain of dimeric IgA

A

pIgR binds to dimeric IgA via the J chain to transport it across epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

122
Q

Purpose of pIgR

A

Transports dimeric IgA across epithelial surfaces at mucosal surfaces

123
Q

Antibody types involved in neutralization

A

All 4 IgG, IgA

124
Q

Antibody isotypes involved in opsonization

A

IgG1 > IgG3

125
Q

Antibody isotypes involved in sensitization for killing by NK cells

A

IgG1 and IgG3

126
Q

Antibody isotypes involved in sensitization of mast cells and basophils

127
Q

Antibody isotypes involved in activation of complement system

A

IgM, IgG3, IgG1

128
Q

Antibody isotypes involved in diffusion into extravascular sites

A

All IgG, monomeric IgA

129
Q

Antibody interaction with pathogen is via this region

A

Fab (variable) region

130
Q

Antibody interaction with host is via this region

A

Fc (constant) region

131
Q

Antibodies whose _______ regions do not exhibit high affinity interaction with their receptors play a role in protecting the host by neutralizing the pathogen so that it cannot interact with the host cell

A

Fc regions

132
Q

Antibodies that have bound the surface of a pathogen, or ones that have bound soluble multivalent antigens, can activate the classical pathway of complement through interaction with this

133
Q

Erythrocytes help to prevent immune complex deposition in the kidney glomeruli by expressing this, which recognizes immune complexes bound to C1q

134
Q

Receptors expressed by host cells that allow for induction of an active process associated with removal of a pathogen from an infected host

A

Fc receptors

135
Q

High affinity receptor that recognizes human IgG1 and IgG3

136
Q

FcyRI is a high affinity Fc receptor that recognizes these

A

IgG1 and IgG3

137
Q

FcyRI binding to the Fc portion of antibody occurs via this part of the receptor

A

Extracellular alpha chain
Signaling then occurs through a gamma chain that uses an ITAM

138
Q

Signaling through FcyRI occurs through this, which utilizes this

A

Gamma chain; utilizes an ITAM

139
Q

Activation of Fc receptors requires this

A

Cross-linking

140
Q

Fc receptor expressed on NK cells
Involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

141
Q

FcyRIII is expressed on these cells

142
Q

High affinity Fc receptor for IgE
Important for defenses against parasitic worms

143
Q

FceRI, the high affinity Fc receptor for IgE, is expressed on these cells

A

Mast cells

144
Q

This response is important for defenses against parasitic worms

A

Fc receptor contributions to clearance: Mast cell degranulation (FceRI, IgE)

145
Q

NK cell cytotoxic granules contain these 2 compounds

A

Perforin and granzymes

146
Q

Fc receptor that when cross-linked in the presence of excess antibody, sends a negative signal through ITIM to the B cell to stop producing antibody

147
Q

When cross-linked, FcyRIIB sends a negative signal to the B cell through this

148
Q

FcyRI is involved in this process

A

Phagocytosis

149
Q

FcyRI is expressed on these cells

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

150
Q

Is FcyRI high or low affinity?

A

High affinity; binds IgG1 and IgG3

151
Q

Is FcyRIIB high or low affinity?

A

Low affinity

152
Q

FcyRIIB is involved in this process

A

Feedback inhibition of B cells; attenuation of inflammation

153
Q

Is FcyRIIIA high or low affinity?

A

Low affinity

154
Q

FcyRIIIA is involved in this process

A

Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

155
Q

Is FceRI high or low affinity?

A

High affinity; binds IgE

156
Q

FceRI is involved in this process

A

Activation (degranulation) of mast cells and basophils

157
Q

Fc receptor involved in phagocytosis

158
Q

Fc receptor involved in feedback inhibition of B cells

159
Q

Fc receptor involved in Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

160
Q

Fc receptor involved in activation (degranulation) of mast cells and basophils

161
Q

The secretory component is involved in this

A

pIgR transport of IgA across mucosal epithelium
Secretory component of the pIgR is cleaved and released along with the IgA

162
Q

Portion of the pIgR that binds to mucins and holds IgA in the mucus layer and protects IgA from degradation by enzymes present at mucosal sites

A

Secretory component

MF2 Immunology (21 decks)

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