Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > T cells > Flashcards

T cells Flashcards

1
Q

T cell precursors travel from the bone marrow to develop here

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immature thymocytes move from the bone marrow to this part of the thymus

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the cortex of the thymus, immature thymocytes exist in the presence of these cells

A

Branched cortical epithelial cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The medulla of the thymus consists of these 4 types of cells

A

Thymocytes
Medullary epithelial cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parts of the thymus believed to be sites of cellular destruction and/or commitment of cells to the regulatory T cell lineage

A

Hassall’s corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles are present here

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type of cell in the thymus that removes T cells that fail to mature properly

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Process where the T cell producing tissue of the thymus begins to be gradually replaced with fatty tissue as we age

A

Involution of the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are T cell germline genes rearranged when they leave the bone marrow?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do thymocytes committed to the T cell lineage express CD4 or CD8 when they leave the bone marrow?

A

No; they are double negative (express neither)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Maturation of T cells occurs here

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T cell gene rearrangements occurs here

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are T cells replenished throughout life?

A

No
Diversity for T cells is likely greater because they aren’t replenished throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Difference between antibody and T cell receptor:
How many antigens can bind simultaneously?

A

Ab monomers can bind 2; TCRs only bind 1 at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Difference between antibody and T cell receptor:
Recognize antigen in what conformation?

A

Abs recognize native conformation; TCR requires processing and presentation of antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Difference between antibody and T cell receptor:
MHC restriction requirement

A

MHC restriction is not required for Abs; only for TCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Difference between antibody and T cell receptor:
Function as effector molecules or effector cell

A

Ab function as effector molecules, can act from a great distance
TCR is a receptor that activates an effector cell; T cells exert their effect in a local area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This molecule on thymocytes interacts with its ligand on thymic epithelial cells, removing transcription repressors from the DNA in the thymocyte; initiates maturation

A

Notch-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Notch-1 is involved in this process

A

Initiates T cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T cell chain that rearranges first

A

Beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T cell beta chain is tested at the cell surface using this alpha chain surrogate

A

pTɑ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pTɑ is involved in this

A

Surrogate alpha chain; used to test rearranged Beta chain during gene rearrangement in T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The pre-T-cell receptor is expressed in the context of these signaling molecules that are required for T cell activation

A

CD3 complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CD4 and CD8 expression of T cells undergoing positive selection

A

Double positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T cell positive selection involves this

A

Recognition of self MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T cell selection involving recognition of self MHC

A

Positive selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

After this process, T cells moves from double positive to single positive

A

Positive selection (depends on which MHC they interact with)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T cell negative selection involves this

A

Removal of T cells that recognize self peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transcription factor that turns on the expression of non-thymic self antigens in the thymus
Allows for negative selection of T cells

A

Autoimmune regulator (AIRE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is involved in this process

A

Negative selection of T cells
Turns on the expression of non-thymic self antigens in the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Central tolerance is provided by this process

A

Negative selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Negative selection provides this type of tolerance

A

Central tolerance
(occurs in the thymus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Negative selection of T cells occurs by these cells

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and other cells in the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Population of self-reactive T cells that recognize self antigens expressed by self MHC
Proliferate, are maintained, and produce the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta that suppress the activity of other self-reactive T cells that have bound to the same MHC:peptide complex on the same APC

A

Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce these two cytokines that suppress the activity of other self-reactive T cells that have bound to the same MHC:peptide complex on the same APC

A

IL-10 and TGF-beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T cells that do not recognize their specific peptide travel to other lymph nodes and eventually re-enter circulation via these

A

efferent lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Chemokines secreted by stromal cells and dendritic cells residing in the lymph node cortex, and they attract naive T cells that express the CCR7 receptor

A

CCL21 and CCL19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CCL21 and CCL19 attract naive T cells that express this receptor to the lymph node

A

CCR7 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CCL21 and CCL19 are produced by these cells

A

Stromal cells and dendritic cells residing in the lymph node cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CCL21 and CCL19 are involved in this process

A

T cell homing to the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The initial interaction associated with the homing of T cells to the lymph node is between these

A

Mucin-like vascular addressins (CD43 and GlyCAM-1) expressed on the high endothelial venule
Bind L-selectin expressed by naive T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Molecule on naive T cells which binds with mucin-like vascular addressins (CD43 and GlyCAM-1) expressed on the high endothelial venule in the process of homing mature, unactivated T cells to the lymph node

A

L-selectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

L-selectin is expressed on these cells

A

Mature, naive T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

L-selectin is involved in this process

A

Homing mature, unactivated T cells to the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Molecule on the cell surface of T cells that is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix and binds tightly to ICAM-1, leading to diapedesis (lymphocyte leaves blood and enters lymph node)

A

LFA-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

LFA-1 on lymphocytes binds tightly to this on the high endothelial venule

A

ICAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ICAM-1 on the high endothelial venule binds tightly to this on lymphocytes

A

LFA-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

LFA-1 is activated (allowing it to tightly bind to ICAM-1) by this interaction

A

CCR7:chemokine interaction at the high endothelial venule
Involved in lymphocyte diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CD2 on T cell binds to this on the dendritic cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

LFA-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

LFA-1 on T cell binds to these on the dendritic cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

ICAM-1 and ICAM-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

ICAM-3 on T cell binds to this on the dendritic cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

DC-SIGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

LFA-3 on dendritic cell binds to this on the T cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

CD2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

ICAM-1 on dendritic cell binds to this on the T cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

LFA-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

ICAM-2 on dendritic cell binds to this on the T cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

LFA-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

DC-SIGN on dendritic cell binds to this on the T cell
Mediates the initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells

A

ICAM-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

CD2 is present on these cells

A

T cells
involved in T cell movement within the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

ICAM-3 is present on these cells

A

T cells
involved in T cell movement within the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ICAM-2 and ICAM-1 are present on these cells are involved in T cell movement within the lymph node

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

LFA-3 is present on these cells

A

Dendritic cells
involved in T cell movement within the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

When a T cell recognizes its specific peptide, the TCR and CD4 bind to the MHC and a signal is transduced that changes and increases affinity of these two molecules, prolonging cell to cell contact

A

changes LFA-1, resulting in an increasing affinity for ICAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

One of the first steps associated with the formation of the immunological synapse

A

When the naive T cell encounters the appropriate peptide:MHC complex, the TCR and CD4 bind to the MHC and a signal is transduced that changes LFA-1, resulting in an increased affinity for ICAM-1 that prolongs cell to cell contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The gathering of receptors on the surface of an APC and T cell that work in a coordinated effort to prolong their interaction and strengthen the signals associated with activation of the T cell by the APC

A

Immunological synapse

63
Q

Second signal required for T cell activation

A

B7 co-stimulatory molecule (on APC) interaction with CD28 (on T cell)

64
Q

Expressed on activated T cells
Binds B7 with higher affinity than CD28, but it functions as an antagonist that dampens activation and limits proliferation of activated T cells

A

CTLA4

65
Q

CTLA4 binds this

A

B7 costimulatory molecules

66
Q

CTLA4 functions in this

A

Functions as an antagonist that dampens activation and limits proliferation of activated T cells

67
Q

Costimulatory molecules on APC that interact with CD28 on T cells
Provide second signal required for T cell activation

A

B7 costimulatory molecules (B7.1 and B7.2), also known as CD80 and CD86

68
Q

Second signal required for B cell activation

A

Binding of CD40 on B cells with CD40L on T cells

69
Q

CD40 on B cells binding with CD40L on T cells provides this signal

A

Second signal required for B cell activation

70
Q

All accessory proteins to the TCR

A

CD3 complex (2 epsilon chains, 1 delta chain, and 1 gamma chain)
2 zeta chains

71
Q

Cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the events involved in initiating T-cell responses by the antigen receptor

A

Zap-70

72
Q

Zap-70 is specific to what type of cells

A

T cells

73
Q

The TCR signaling chains all contain these which are phosphorylated by kinases

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)

74
Q

Does CD4 or CD8 have only one transmembrane portion?

A

CD4

75
Q

Does CD4 or CD8 have 2 transmembrane portions?

A

CD8

76
Q

3 transcription factors released upon activation of the T cell and consequent signaling through the TCR

A

NFAT, NF-kB, AP-1

77
Q

Uptake of an antigen by a professional APC induces expression of this costimulatory molecule by the APC

A

B7

78
Q

Interactions that keep the T cell and APC in close proximity

A

LFA-1:ICAM-1

79
Q

Cell surface molecule expressed by T cells that interacts with B7 (on the APC) to signal survival and move toward complete activation of the T cell

A

CD28

80
Q

Surface molecule of T cells that functions in signal transduction by TCR complex
Expressed on all T cells

A

Zeta chain

81
Q

2 coreceptors of T cells

A

CD4 and CD8

82
Q

Costimulatory receptor of APCs on T cells

A

CD28

83
Q

What makes up the IL-2 receptor on naive T cells?

A

Gamma and beta chain

84
Q

Subunit that binds to the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2 receptor to increase the affinity of the receptor for IL-2

A

Alpha subunit

85
Q

Cytokine produced by T cells that binds to its receptor (also on T cells), and this signals to Ag-specific T cells to proliferate and produce multiple clones
Activated, effector T cells no longer require costimulatory molecules to act on cells they recognize via TCR:MHC interactions

A

IL-2

86
Q

IL-2 is produced during this

A

T cell activation
Leads to T cell proliferation and production of clones

87
Q

T cell anergy occurs when this happens

A

Specific signal alone is encountered (TCR:MHC) but no costimulatory signal

88
Q

This occurs when specific signal is encountered by T cell (TCR:MHC) but no costimulatory signal is present

A

Anergy
T cell becomes non-responsibe so it does not respond to a potential self Ag

89
Q

This occurs when a T cell only receives the costimulatory signal from APC, but no TCR:MHC

A

No effect

90
Q

Integrin that interacts with the adhesion molecule VCAM-1

A

VLA-4

91
Q

VLA-4 interacts with this

A

Adhesion molecule VCAM-1

92
Q

Adhesion molecule that is selectively expressed by activated endothelium around inflamed tissue
Interacts with VLA-4

A

VCAM-1

93
Q

Interaction between these two molecules is important for recruitment of effector T cells into the site of infection

A

VLA-4 (integrin on T cells) with VCAM-1 (cell adhesion molecule selectively expressed by activated endothelium around inflamed tissue)

94
Q

Cytokine receptors signal through this pathway

A

JAK:STAT
(phosphorylated STAT dimers go to the nucleus and initiate gene expression)

95
Q

CD4 T cell fate is determined in this location

A

Lymph node

96
Q

What tells CD4 T cells which lineage they should commit to in order to deal with that pathogen?

A

APCs

97
Q

Defining cytokines of Th1 cells

A

IFN gamma and IL-12

98
Q

IFN gamma and IL-12 are defining cytokines of these cells

A

Th1 cells

99
Q

Defining cytokines of Th2 cells

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13

100
Q

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 are defining cytokines of these cells

A

Th2 cells

101
Q

Defining cytokines of Th17 cells

A

IL-17, IL-22

102
Q

IL-17 and IL-22 are defining cytokines of these cells

A

Th17 cells

103
Q

IL-21, IL-4, and IL-13 are defining cytokines of these cells

A

Tfh cells

104
Q

Defining cytokines of Tfh cells

A

IL-21, IL-4, and IL-13

105
Q

Principal responding cells to Th1 cells

A

Macrophages

106
Q

Principal responding cells to Th2 cells

A

Eosinophils

107
Q

Principal responding cells to Th17 cells

A

Neutrophils

108
Q

Principal responding cells to Tfh cells

A

B cells

109
Q

Th1 responses are used for these types of pathogens

A

Viruses and intracellular bacteria (due to IFN gamma production and macrophage response)

110
Q

Th2 responses are used for these types of pathogens

A

Extracellular pathogens

111
Q

Effector T cells used in immune response toward viruses and intracellular bacteria

A

Th1

112
Q

Effector T cells used in immune response toward extracellular pathogens

A

Th2

113
Q

Does this describe classically or alternatively activated macrophages:
Microbicidal actions - phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and fungi
Inflammation

A

Classically activated macrophage (M1)

114
Q

Does this describe classically or alternatively activated macrophages:
Anti-inflammatory effects, wound repair, fibrosis

A

Alternatively activated macrophage (M2)

115
Q

Cytokines which lead to differentiation into classically activated macrophages

A

Microbial TLR ligands, IFN gamma

116
Q

Cytokines which lead to differentiation into alternatively activated macrophages

A

IL-13 and IL-4

117
Q

Microbial TLR ligands and IFN gamma promote the differentiation of these types of macrophages

A

Classically activated macrophages (M1)

118
Q

IL-13 and IL-4 promote the differentiation of these types of macrophages

A

Alternatively activated macrophages (M2)

119
Q

Cytokines secreted by classically activated macrophages which promote inflammation

A

IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, chemokines

120
Q

Cytokines secreted by alternatively activated macrophages which promote anti-inflammatory effects, wound repair, and fibrosis

A

IL-10, TGF-beta

121
Q

IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, and chemokines are produced by this type of macrophage

A

Classically activated macrophage (M1)

122
Q

IL-10 and TGF-beta are produced by this type of macrophage

A

Alternatively activated macrophage (M2)

123
Q

Destruction of an intracellular pathogen involves this type of effector T cell

A

Th1

124
Q

IL-12 induces this response to intracellular pathogens

A

Th1 response

125
Q

Mycobacteria have evolved to survive within these cells by resisting the killing activity of Th1 cells

A

Macrophages

126
Q

Mycobacteria have evolved to survive within macrophages by resisting the killing activity of these cells

A

Th1 cells

127
Q

Defined by the presence of multi-nucleated giant cells surrounded by T cells, many of which are CD4

A

Granulomas (e.g. tuberculosis)

128
Q

Multi-nucleated giant cell made up of multiple fused macrophages contain this

A

Mycobacteria

129
Q

Fas ligand or LT produced by activated Th1 cell kills these cells when they are chronically infected, releasing bacteria to be destroyed by healthy cells

A

Macrophages

130
Q

Produced by activated Th1 cells
Kills chronically infected macrophages, releasing bacteria to be destroyed by healthy macrophages

A

Fas ligand or LT

131
Q

IL-3 + GM-CSF produced by activated Th1 cells induces differentiation of these cells in the bone marrow

A

Macrophages

132
Q

Produced by activated Th1 cells
Induces macrophages differentiation in the bone marrow

A

IL-3 + GM-CSF

133
Q

Produced by activated Th1 cells
Activates endothelium to induce macrophage adhesion and exit from blood vessel at site of infection

A

TNF-alpha + LT

134
Q

Chemokine produced by activated Th1 cells
Causes macrophages to accumulate at site of infection

A

CXCL2

135
Q

Function of CXCL2

A

Causes macrophages to accumulate at site of infection
Produced by activated Th1 cells

136
Q

Th1 cytokine that can stimulate isotype switching of Ag-specific B cells toward IgG1 Abs that can fix complement and interact with Fc receptors to enhance opsonophagocytosis

A

IFN-gamma

137
Q

IFN-gamma produced by Th1 cells can stimulate isotype switching of B cells toward these antibodies

A

IgG1 (can fix complement and interact with Fc receptors to enhance opsonophagocytosis)

138
Q

Does immunity towards polysaccharides involve T cells?

A

No
Must be linked to protein

139
Q

Conjugate vaccines link these

A

Polysaccharides to a protein
Allows Ab to be produced directed toward the polysaccharide

140
Q

In conjugate vaccines, which type of cell is specific for polysaccharide? And which is specific for the protein?

A

B cell specific Abs for polysaccharide
T cell specific for peptide

141
Q

Cytotoxin released by CD8 T cells that forms pores in cell membranes of target cells

A

Perforin

142
Q

Perforin is released by this cell

A

CD8 T cell

143
Q

Cytotoxin released by CD8 T cells that is a serine esterase that enters the cytoplasm of target cells, inducing apoptosis

A

Granzyme

144
Q

Granzymes are released by this cell

A

CD8 T cell

145
Q

Cytotoxin released by CD8 T cells that is a membrane-perturbing protein that works with other cytotoxins to form pores in target cells

A

Granulysin

146
Q

Granulysin is released by this cell

A

CD8 T cell

147
Q

Type of effector T cell that activates macrophages

A

Th1

148
Q

Type of effector T cell that activates eosinophils and mast cells; alternative macrophage activation

A

Th2

149
Q

Type of effector T cell that recruits and activates neutrophils

A

Th17

150
Q

Type of effector T cell that promotes antibody production

A

Tfh

151
Q

Th1 cells act on these cells

A

Macrophages

152
Q

Th2 cells act on these cells

A

Eosinophils and mast cells

153
Q

Th17 cells act on these cells

A

Neutrophils

154
Q

Tfh cells act on these cells

A

B cells

Immunology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions