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MF2 Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors for innate immunity are located here

A

Plasma membrane, endosomal membrane, cytosol

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2
Q

Receptors for adaptive immunity are located here

A

Only in plasma membrane

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3
Q

Distribution of receptors involved in innate immunity

A

Nonclonal: identical receptors on all cells that express the receptors

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4
Q

Distribution of receptors involved in adaptive immunity

A

Clonal: clones of lymphocytes with distinct specificities express different receptors

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5
Q

Genes encoding innate immune receptors are encoded here

A

Germline encoded; in all cells

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6
Q

Genes encoding adaptive immune receptors are encoded here

A

Formed by somatic recombination of gene segments only in B and T cells

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7
Q

Host cell-derived glycoproteins that coat pathogens and inhibit adherence

A

Mucin

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8
Q

Enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall component)

A

Lysozyme

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9
Q

Cationic peptides (+ charge due to Arginine) that damage negatively-charged membranes - disrupt membrane integrity (bacterial, viral, and fungal)
Contain 3 intra-chain disulfide bonds
Amphipathic
Formed as inactive precursors by gut Paneth cells

A

Alpha and beta defensins

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10
Q

Specialized epithelial cells in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial proteins such as defensins

A

Paneth cells

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11
Q

Macrophages develop from these cells

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

Monocytes can further differentiate into these cells

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

4 categories of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes
Mononuclear phagocytes
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Most abundant cell in the innate immune response

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Phagocytes that are short lived, have a multi-lobed nucleus, and are most abundant cell in the innate response

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Type of macrophages in the brain

A

Microglial cells

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17
Q

Type of macrophages in the liver

A

Kuppfer cells

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18
Q

Branched cells involved in adaptive immunity that function as scouts in tissues
Engulf material in tissue and bring it to cells of adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic cells

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19
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Rapidly induced ROS by assembly of phagocyte oxidase (respiratory burst)

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Less prominent ROS response

A

Macrophages

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21
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Low levels or none of nitric oxide

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Nitric oxide induced following transcriptional activation of iNOS

A

Macrophages

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23
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Degranulation is a major response and is induced by cytoskeletal rearrangement

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Degranulation is not prominent

A

Macrophages

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25
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Low levels of cytokine production per cell

A

Neutrophils

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26
Q

Does this describe macrophages or neutrophils:
Cytokine production is major functional activity; large amounts per cell; requires transcriptional activation of cytokine gene

A

Macrophages

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27
Q

When first line barrier of innate immunity are breached, the pathogen is recognized by these 2 systems

A

Tissue-resident macrophages and Complement

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28
Q

Type of macrophages in bone

A

Osteoclasts

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29
Q

Free plasma protein that is part of the collagenous lectin (collectin) family
Binds carbohydrate molecules expressed by pathogens

A

Mannose-binding lectin

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30
Q

Mannose-binding lectin binds this type of molecule expressed by pathogens

A

Carbohydrate

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31
Q

Any group of proteins that are not antibodies and do not originate in an immune system but bind specifically to carbohydrate-containing receptors on cell surfaces

A

Lectin

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32
Q

Lectins specifically bind to receptors which contain this

A

Carbohydrate

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33
Q

C-type (calcium dependent) lectin that binds sugar residues on pathogens
On the cell surface

A

Macrophage mannose receptor

34
Q

Pathogen recognition receptors that recognize anionic polymers and acetylated low-density lipoproteins

A

Scavenger receptors

35
Q

Type of receptors that recognize PAMPs

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

36
Q

Intracellular receptors that are similar to TLRs and recognize PAMPs

A

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins

37
Q

2 main effects of triggering receptors on macrophages

A

Phagocytosis (via mannose receptor)
Cytokine production (via TLR)

38
Q

Binding to this receptor on macrophages results in phagocytosis

A

Mannose receptor

39
Q

Binding to this receptor on macrophages results in cytokine production

40
Q

2 phagocytes that are present in healthy tissue

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

41
Q

Phagocytes that are recruited to site of infection when needed

A

Neutrophils

42
Q

Competitor protein that is a phagocyte bactericidal agent that binds Fe

A

Lactoferrin

43
Q

Respiratory burst is initiated in this

A

Endocyte vacuole (have lower pH0)

44
Q

Enzyme that produces the superoxide anion O2- during respiratory burst

A

NADPH oxidase

45
Q

Enzyme that converts superoxide anion O2- to H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase

46
Q

Enzyme that converts H2O2 to water and oxygen during the respiratory burst, which increases the pH and allows antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and proteins (lysozyme) to become activated

47
Q

NADPH oxidase produces this during respiratory burst

A

Superoxide anion O2-

48
Q

Superoxide dismutase does this reaction during respiratory burst

A

Converts superoxide anion O2- to hydrogen peroxide H2O2

49
Q

Cells that primarily perform the respiratory burst

A

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)

50
Q

Are TLRs expressed extracellularly or intracellulary?

A

Can be both
Intracellular TLRs typically recognize nucleic acids (i.e. viral infection)

51
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (found in gram-negative bacteria) is recognized by this receptor

52
Q

3 additional factors that aid in the recognition of LPS by TLR4

A

LPS-binding protein (LBP), MD2, and CD14

53
Q

TLR4 recognizes this

A

Lipopolysaccharide (found in gram negative bacteria)

54
Q

Production of this type of protein is crucial for control of viral replication during infection

A

Interferons

55
Q

Redundancy of cytokines refers to this

A

Multiple cytokines perform similar functions

56
Q

Pleiotropism of cytokines refers to this

A

A single cytokine can perform multiple functions

57
Q

Class of cytokines important in chemotaxis

A

Chemokines

58
Q

Class of cytokines important in multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

A

Colony stimulating factors

59
Q

Class of cytokines important in control of viral infections and inflammatory response

A

Interferons

60
Q

Class of cytokines produced by leukocytes that have a role in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

Interleukins

61
Q

Class of cytokines that kill tumor cells and initiate inflammation

A

Tumor necrosis factor

62
Q

Cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature

A

Endogenous pyrogen

63
Q

5 inflammatory cytokines secreted by resident macrophages at the site of infection

A

IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12

64
Q

Inflammatory cytokines that induce blood vessels to become more permeable, enabling effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules to enter the infected tissue

A

IL-1B and TNF-a

65
Q

Inflammatory cytokine that induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, make heat and raise the temperature in the infected tissue

66
Q

Inflammatory cytokine that recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissue

67
Q

Inflammatory cytokine that recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that strengthen the macrophages response to infection

68
Q

Elevated IL-6 induces the production of these 2 acute-phase proteins
Leads to the activation of complement and Opsonization

A

C-reactive protein and Mannose binding lectin

69
Q

C-reactive protein and Mannose binding lectin are induced by elevated levels of this

70
Q

Function of IL-1B and TNF-alpha

A

Inflammatory cytokines that induce blood vessels to become more permeable

71
Q

Function of CXCL8

A

Recruits neutrophils

72
Q

Function of IL-12

A

Inflammatory cytokine that recruits and activates NK cells

73
Q

3 cytokines involved in neutrophil mobilization

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a

74
Q

Acute-phase protein that acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphocholine of pathogens
Induced by elevated IL-6
Triggers the classical pathway of complement in the absence of antibody
Member of the pentraxin family

A

C-reactive protein

75
Q

C-reactive protein binds to this

A

Phosphocholine component of LPS in bacterial and fungal cell walls

76
Q

Mannose-binding lectin is a part of this protein family

A

Collectin family

77
Q

Family of cell adhesion molecules that bind carbohydrates and initiate leukocyte-endothelial interaction

78
Q

Cell surface proteins that bind to cell-adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix

79
Q

Cell adhesion molecules that are ligands for integrins and bind tightly

80
Q

ICAMs are ligands for these

81
Q

Large reserves of neutrophils are stored here

A

Bone marrow

MF2 Immunology (21 decks)

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