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Immunology > Clinical Immunology > Flashcards

Clinical Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Papain or Pepsin:
Breaks Ab into two individual arms; cannot cross link

A

Papain

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2
Q

Papain or Pepsin:
Can still look at antibody immunoprecipitation

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

Term for the antibody:antigen ratio where there is optimal binding and cross-linking

A

Equivalence

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4
Q

Effect when there is too much antibody and precipitation does not occur

A

Prozone effect
Results in false negative

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5
Q

This technique demonstrates the diffusion of antigen from its site of inoculation within a gel matrix that contains antibody
At the point of equivalence, a precipitin line develops
A standard curve can be used to quantitate antigen or antibody concentration within an unknown solution

A

Radial immunodiffusion (RID)

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6
Q

What do you learn from a radial immunodiffusion?

A

Quantitate antigen or antibody concentration within an unknown solution

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7
Q

Involves the inoculation of serum from a patient and serum from a normal control onto a gel matrix poured onto a glass slide
The slide is exposed to an electric field, and the proteins migrate based on their charge
After the electrophoresis is complete, anti-sera specific for all human antibody isotypes is inoculated into a trough set up between the 2 sera samples

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

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8
Q

Tests that are commonly used to rapidly diagnose pneumococcus and meningococcus infections and identify the specific strain of the isolate
These tests use antibodies bound to latex beads
When a sample (CSF, blood, etc.) is added that contains the antigen, the antibodies and beads are cross-linked and settle out of solution
These tests are rapid and relatively easy to perform

A

Agglutination tests

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9
Q

Blood typing involves this type of test

A

Agglutination

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10
Q

Agglutination can be observed in blood typing assays due to the fact that antibodies of this isotype can be used

A

IgM

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11
Q

Direct or indirect Coombs test:
performed to determine whether maternal antibodies have bound fetal RBCs

A

Direct

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12
Q

Direct or indirect Coombs test:
performed to determine whether maternal serum contains antibody against Rh antigen

A

Indirect

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13
Q

Both direct and indirect Coombs tests requires these

A

Antibodies against human antibodies to agglutinate the RBCs

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14
Q

Anti-D antigen sera that is administered to Rh- mothers carrying a potentially Rh+ fetus

A

Rhogam

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15
Q

Difference between radioimmunoassay and ELISA

A

RIA uses a radioactive label
ELISA uses an enzyme label

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16
Q

What can you learn from an ELISA?

A

Can be used to detect either antigen or antibody within a sample of interest

17
Q

Technique that Involves the disruption of the virus and SDS-PAGE
The proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane that can be probed with antibody (patient sera)
Can determine the size of the protein(s) that the serum Abs recognize

A

Western blot

18
Q

What can you learn from a western blot?

A

The size of the protein(s) that the serum antibodies recognize
(which is not possible with ELISA)

19
Q

Control antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

Enzyme-conjugated antibodies against murine antibodies

20
Q

WBCs can be separated out of whole blood using this

A

a Ficoll density gradient

21
Q

Cells that can be separated out of whole blood using a Ficoll density gradient

A

WBCs

22
Q

What can you learn from flow cytometry?

A

Can differentiate cells that look similar microscopically, but differ in the proteins expressed on their surface (e.g. CD4 vs CD8 T cells)

23
Q

These stimulate lymphocytes in a manner that does not take into account the antigen the cells specifically recognize, and can be used to identify global deficiencies in B or T cell populations

A

Mitogens

24
Q

What can mitogens be used for?

A

Identifying global deficiencies in B or T cell populations

25
Q

What can you learn from a limiting dilution assay?

A

The number of cells within a host that respond to a specific stimuli

26
Q

What do you learn from an ELISpot?

A

The number of cytokine-producing cells within the population

Immunology (21 decks)

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