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VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

passive immunization

A

passive transfer of antibodies that can be used to provide SHORT term protection to an immunocompromised or naive animal

transfer of antibodies generated from an immunized animal

RAPID protection - gives antibody directly

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2
Q

active immunization

A

transfer of a killed pathogen to an animal in order to generate antibodies in response

provides LONGER term protection

mounting own immune response is SLOW - takes longer

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3
Q

what is the goal of vaccination

A

generate artificial memory

goal is to generate the same immune response to a pathogen as if the animal were naturally infected but without virulence

vaccine acts as the primary infection resulting in generation of effector T and B cells that are IMMEDIATELY infective

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4
Q

viral neutralization

A

generation of high affinity IgG and IgA that block the virus from binding to cell surface receptors

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5
Q

what are the components of the vaccine

A

requires all 3 signals for lymphocyte activation

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6
Q

vaccine signal 1

A

antigen

either pathogen protein or entire organism

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7
Q

vaccine signal 2

A

adjuvant providing co-stimulation

signals inflammation

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8
Q

vaccine signal 3

A

adjuvant providing proper cytokine release (signals differentiation)

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9
Q

do live attenuated vaccines require adjuvant

A

no - provides all 3 signals without an adjuvant because pathogen is active

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10
Q

opsonization

A

antibodies coat the pathogen via the front end and bind to Fc receptors on macrophages via the back end leading to phagocytosis of pathogen

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11
Q

depot effect

A

delaying release of antigen to the immune system

goal is to mimic a real infection - do not want antigen to only be present for a short time then get cleared too quickly

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12
Q

how does adjuvant stimulate innate immune system

A

activates TLRs, CLRs, or cytosolic sensory receptors

initiates innate immune response required to yield an inflammatory response

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13
Q

how does adjuvant get delivered into the cell cytosol

A

vaccine mimics and intracellular pathogen to induce an MHC I response

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14
Q

alum adjuvant

A

very safe adjuvant; induces a strong antibody response but weak CD8 T cell response

antigen depot - antigens absorb aluminum salts and become particulate that slowly releases into solution

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15
Q

MOA of alum adjuvant

A
  1. alum binds lipids on DC surface
  2. moves lipids around and triggers intracellular signaling pathway
  3. activates DC to phagocytose the antigen in the vaccine
  4. DC migrates to LN and provides signal 1, 2, 3 to activate T cells
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16
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

weakened form of the virus

  • generates most appropriate immune response
  • can be difficult to do safely
17
Q

killed pathogen vaccine

A

modified virus that has been inactivated

  • less appropriate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses
  • safer, will not cause disease
18
Q

inactivated toxoid vaccine

A

toxin produced by the virus that has been inactivated

  • less appropriate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses
  • safer, will not cause disease
19
Q

subunit/conjugated vaccine

A

proteins expressed by the pathogen that are not virulence factors

  • can be effective if target antigens are known
  • antibody response is critical
20
Q

spontaneous live attenuated vaccine

A

isolating the pathogenic virus on a cell culture from intended species and using it to infect a cell line of a related species –> virus mutates to infect new species –> virus no longer grows on original species cells

not controlled –> can not regulate what the mutations are and if they are safe or effective

viruses can revert back to original type

21
Q

recombinant DNA vaccine

A

modifying the virus by directly deleting the virulence gene from the genome

controlled version of spontaneous live attenuated vaccines
- ensures virus is unable to revert back
- requires a way that host cells can take up and use the foreign DNA

22
Q

DIVA vaccine

A

used to differentiate infected vs vaccinated animals

delete a nonessential gene in a vaccine strain –> inject into animal –> test antibodies on ELISA

23
Q

function of parabiosis

A

determine whether circulating or resident memory T cells are more important in response

24
Q

core vaccines

A

required vaccines for diseases with significant morbidity, mortality, wide distribution, or public health risk

required for all animals with known or unknown vaccination history

25
Q

non core vaccines

A

“elective” vaccines recommended based on geography, age and lifestyle

recommended for at risk animals

26
Q

when do you start vaccinating puppies

A

6 to 8 weeks old

27
Q

window of susceptibility

A

period of time between 6 and 8 weeks of age during which the puppy has too much circulating maternal antibody that will block vaccines, but not enough to block viral infection

want to vaccinate at start of window of susceptibility to include any outlier puppies
- continue vaccinating regularly until circulating maternal antibodies falls to zero (15 weeks)

28
Q

minimum and maximum vaccination interval between boosters

A

minimum: 2 weeks
maximum: 6 weeks

need primary immune response to drop off before giving the second vaccine

29
Q

juvenile initial series

A

small animals: vaccinate every 3-4 weeks

large animals: vaccinate every 4-6 weeks

30
Q

what age do you vaccinate until in juveniles

A

16-20 weeks old

may require additional vaccine at 6 months or 1 year old

31
Q

adult initial series

A

used in adults w/ no or unknown vaccine history

inactivated: every 2-3 weeks for 2-3 total vaccines
live attenuated: one may be sufficient

32
Q

how often do you vaccinate post initial series

A

inactivated: annual (except rabies)

live attenuated: every 2-3 years

33
Q

autogenous vaccines

A

taking a pathogen from a sick animal on specific farm and creating a vaccine from it to vaccinate healthy animals on that farm

does not have as many safety checks - only use when there is either no appropriate vaccine available or available vaccine does not work

34
Q

vaccine failure

A

animal still gets clinical disease despite being vaccinated
caused by:
- vax during window of susceptibility
- lack of booster vaccination
- non-responder
- overwhelming challenge
- strain not covered
- immunosuppressed animal

35
Q

expected adverse effects

A

side effects caused by generating a proper immune response

general: lethargy, anorexia
localized: pain, swelling, erythema, irritation, abscess, alopecia

caused by innate response

36
Q

unexpected adverse effects

A

side effects caused by generating an improper immune response

  • allergic reactions
  • injection site sarcomas
37
Q

allergic reactions

A

anaphylaxis

type I hypersensitivity that happens immediately

VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology (38 decks)

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