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VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology > Secondary Immunodeficiencies > Flashcards

Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

immunocompromised

A

altered physiology of the immune system

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2
Q

immunosuppressed

A

exogenous factor dampening the immune system

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3
Q

immunodeficiency

A

missing or malfunctioning component of the immune system

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4
Q

how does an immunodeficiency present

A
  • recurrent or chronic infections
  • neoplasia
  • decreased vaccine response
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5
Q

will a deficient innate or adaptive immune system cause more rapid fatality

A

innate - no ability to control pathogen or activate the adaptive immune system

deficient adaptive immune system will cause slower progression of disease because the innate system can provide some protection

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6
Q

primary immunodeficiency

A

inherited condition (hereditary, genetic, congenital)

PERMANENT - encoded into the animals DNA

animal is BORN with deficient immune system - age of onset is YOUNG
- may vary w/ maternal antibodies

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7
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

acquired - viral vs. non-viral

can be transient OR permanent - NOT encoded into animal’s genome

animal is born with a normal immune system - age of onset is variable; can be older

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8
Q

is primary or secondary immunodeficiency more common

A

secondary

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9
Q

what are viral causes of secondary immunodeficiency

A

retroviruses, parvovirus, panleukopenia, distemper, many chicken viruses

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10
Q

what are non-viral causes of secondary immunodeficiency

A

failure of passive transfer
malnutrition
stress
age
toxins
drugs
endocrine disease

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11
Q

feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

A

retrovirus that targets CD4 T cells
- integrates into genome and becomes latent for long period of time
- causes GRADUAL destruction of CD4 T cells
- end stage disease: latent virus reactivates and causes RAPID destruction of T cells

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12
Q

do most cats make it to end stage FIV

A

no - most will develop neoplasia or opportunistic infections and die before reaching end stage FIV

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13
Q

what is unique about CD8 T cells of FIV infected cats

A

often much higher CD8 T cells than healthy cats

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14
Q

canine parvovirus & feline panleukopenia virus

A

virus that targets rapidly dividing cells
- affects puppies and kittens once maternal antibodies wean

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15
Q

what are the targets and outcomes of parvovirus/panleukopenia virus

A

crypts of intestinal epithelial cells, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and thymus

causes SEVERE lymphopenia despite high demand for CD8 T cells

BM infection causes neutropenia

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16
Q

what is the most common sequelae to parvo/panleuk infections and how do you prevent it

A

sepsis - caused by secondary bacterial infections

treat prophylactically with antibiotics

17
Q

infectious bursal disease virus

A

“gumboro disease”

virus that targets B cells of the bursa
- primarily B lymphoblasts and IgM lymphocytes

affects chicks ages 3-6 weeks
- period of maximum development of bursa

18
Q

what lesion does infectious bursa disease virus cause

A

hemorrhagic and edematous bursa

leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic bacterial infections

19
Q

does infectious bursa disease virus affect circulating B cells

A

no - only B cells in the bursa

does not affect stem cells either

20
Q

marek’s disease

A

herpesvirus that targets:
- early: phagocytes and respiratory epithelium
- late: lymphocytes in bursa, thymus, and spleen

establishes latency in CD4 T cells - when re-activated, will replicate oncogene

21
Q

early signs of marek’s disease

A

targets phagocytes and respiratory epithelium

causes IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

22
Q

late signs of marek’s disease

A

targets lymphocytes

reactivation of virus within CD4 T cells leads to replication of viral oncogene leading to LYMPHOMA

23
Q

failure of passive transfer

A

inadequate Ig transfer from dam to fetus

caused by poor quantity/quality of colostrum Ig, ingestion, or absorption

24
Q

how do you detect FPT

A

serum IgG of fetal blood

can also measure milk but does not definitively determine FPT because it might have been an ingestion/absorption problem

25
Q

what are common outcomes of FPT

A
  • septicemia
  • septic arthritis
  • pneumonia
  • enteritis
26
Q

how does malnutrition cause immunodeficiencies

A

stress (anorexia), poor quality diet, and specific nutrient deficiencies cause inadequate immune response

  • calories are required for neutrophil function
  • vitamin A, iron, zinc, copper, selenium required for immune response
27
Q

how does stress cause immunodeficiencies

A

leads to decreased T cell responses, NK cell activity, and IL-2 production

28
Q

what are examples of stress for cattle, cats, and horses

A

cattle: shipping
cats: vet visits, new animal introduction
horses: performance/racing

29
Q

what endocrine diseases are often associated with decreased immune function

A

hyperadrenocorticism:
- excess cortisol
- neutrophilic but decreased function of neutrophils
- decreased lymphocyte and macrophage function
- decreased Ig

diabetes:
- decreased CD8 T cell and neutrophil function
- predisposes to glucosuria

30
Q

how does age affect immunodeficiencies

A

immune system changes with age

in normal, healthy cells: if cell senses oncogenic stressors it will begin secreting factors to induce apoptosis to prevent the spread of disease

aging causes immunosenescence and inflammaging

aging also causes decreased innate and memory responses

31
Q

immunosenescence

A

decreased ability of macrophages to clear senescent cells leading to accumulation of those cells

occurs as the immune system ages

32
Q

inflammaging

A

macrophage driven increase in chronic, low level inflammation seen in older animals

33
Q

what toxins often lead to immunodeficiency

A

insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, heavy metals, mycotoxins

34
Q

what drugs cause immunodeficiency

A

glucocorticoids
chemotherapy
high estrogen doses

VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology (38 decks)

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