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VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • lack membrane bound organelles
  • smaller/less complex
  • one circular chromosome
  • +/- plasmids
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3
Q

plasmids

A

extra-chromosomal DNA

can carry antibiotic resistance or extra genes that make bacteria more virulent

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4
Q

how are bacteria most commonly classified

A

genus +/- species

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5
Q

bacteria morphology

A

shape of bacteria
- coccus: round/spherical
- bacillus: rod shaped
- coccobacillus: shortened rod shaped
- spirillum/spirochete: spiral

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6
Q

gram-positive

A

thick peptidoglycan layer
- stains dark purple

NO outer cell membrane

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7
Q

gram positive cocci

A

staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus

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8
Q

gram positive rods

A

bacillus
listeria
erysipelothrix
corynebacterium

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9
Q

gram-negative

A

thin peptidoglycan layer
- stains red/pink on gram stain

HAS outer cell membrane

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10
Q

gram negative rods

A

E. coli
klebsiella
pseudomonas

includes enterobacterales and non-enterobacterales

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11
Q

enterobacterales vs non-enterobacterals

A

enterobacterales: facultative anaerobes that are present in GI tract

non-enterobacterales: facultative anaerobes or strict anaerobes

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12
Q

gram negative spirals

A

leptospira
borrelia

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13
Q

are gram negative cocci common in vet med

A

no - rare

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14
Q

mycoplasma

A

bacteria with no cell wall

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15
Q

aerobes

A

bacteria that can grow in the presence of oxygen

includes strict aerobes and facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

strict aerobes

A

only grow in the presence of oxygen

17
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen

18
Q

microaerophilic aerobes

A

requires reduced oxygen

19
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

bacteria that can only grow in the absence of oxygen

  • clostridium, bactericides, fusobacterium
20
Q

where are obligate anaerobes found

A

top of the epithelium of:
- oral cavity
- intestinal lumen
- mucus membranes of urogenital tract

common in abscesses due to being walled off from the body

21
Q

what are bacterial toxins

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

22
Q

exotoxin characteristics

A
  • gram positive and negative
  • released by live bacteria
  • proteins or polypeptides
  • NOT pyrogenic
  • highly antigenic
  • converted to toxoids that induce neutralizing antibodies
  • potent toxins
  • some variation between bacterial species and species affected
23
Q

endotoxin characteristics

A
  • gram negative
  • released by dead bacteria
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • pyrogenic
  • weakly antigenic
  • not converted to toxoids, no neutralizing antibodies
  • moderate toxins
  • significant variation between bacterial species and species affected
24
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

endotoxin found in gram negative bacterial outer membrane

causes inflammation

made of lipid A, core polysaccharide, O side chain

25
Q

exotoxins

A

protein secreted from bacterial cells that cause host cell damage or disruption of function

often antigenic
- antitoxin = antibody to exotoxin

26
Q

A-B exotoxins

A

disrupt cell function

27
Q

disorganizers exotoxins

A

disrupt the host cell membrane (phospholipase, hemolysins, pore-forming)

28
Q

superantigens

A

cause a massive stimulation of T cells

29
Q

flagella

A

responsible for motility

30
Q

pili and fimbriae

A

polypeptides used for adhesion to host cells and sexual conjugation of genetic material

31
Q

capsule

A

polysaccharide or polypeptide surrounding bacterial cells

used by both gram positive and negative

inhibits complement fixation and phagocytosis

32
Q

spores

A

dormant/inactive bacterial state in which the bacteria forms an extremely resistant bacterial wall

resistant to temperature, drying, chemical agents, host degradation

mostly gram POSITIVE

33
Q

genetic transfer

A

acquisition of new genes allows for development of resistance and virulence

  • conjugation
  • transduction
  • transformation
  • transposition
34
Q

conjugation

A

transfer of plasmids by sexual pili

35
Q

transduction

A

genetic material transferred by bacteriophages

36
Q

transformation

A

take up of naked DNA

37
Q

transposition

A

transfer of mobile DNA

38
Q

biofilms

A

multilayered bacterial community; bacteria are IMMOBILE/INACTIVE

become embedded in polysaccharide matrix
- matrix blocks entry of antimicrobials/immune system components

allows for adherence to surfaces

VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology (38 decks)

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