Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology > Respiratory Immunity > Flashcards

Respiratory Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the respiratory tract does the mucosal immune system protect

A

upper respiratory tract
large airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

components of the mucosal immune system

A

lymphoid nodules - contain DCs, T cells, B cells

generates a LOCAL immune response and recruits activated lymphocytes back to respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what part of the respiratory tract does the systemic immune system protect

A

lower respiratory tract
small airways/lung parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

components of the systemic immune system

A

does NOT contain lymphoid nodules

relies on immune cells to traffic into the site for immune response

generates an ANTIBODY response (early IgM and late IgG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

components of innate response to viral respiratory infections

A

NK cells
neutrophils
alveolar macrophages
pDCs
DCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of NK cells and neutrophils in innate response to viral infection

A

first responders; generate inflammation and kill virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

role of alveolar macrophages and pDCs in innate response to viral infection

A

produce type 1 interferon in response to TLR activation

type 1 IFN inhibits protein synthesis in virally infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

role of DCs in innate response to viral infection

A

activate the adaptive response by migrating to LNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the adaptive immune system respond to viral infection

A

generates antigen specific CD8 T cells in LN –> returns to site of infection using addressins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

addressins

A

specific cell surface proteins that interact with endothelium to help guide antigen specific T cells to return to the correct site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

specialized organized lymphoid tissue (tonsils + lymphoid follicles) containing DCs, T and B cells

constantly samples antigen from the airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

M cells

A

specialized microfilm cells that lack microvilli and mucus layer

overlies the MALT to constantly sample antigen from respiratory lining fluid and transfer it to the basal membrane via transcytosis –> delivers it to underlying DCs and lymphocytes –> initiates adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IgA

A

predominant antibody present in mucosal surfaces

neutralizing - prevents virus from infecting host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are IgA plasma cells formed and where do they go

A

produced after class switch

localized and maintains lymphoid tissue of respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does IgA get secreted onto mucosal surfaces

A
  1. IgA binds polymeric Ig receptor located on basolateral surface of epithelial cell
  2. gets transcytosed across the cell
  3. gets secreted into the airway lumen on the apical side of the epithelial cell; remains bound to secretory component of polymeric Ig receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secretory pIgR

A

bound remainder of the pIgR that binds mucins in the mucus layer of the respiratory tract and protects IgA from proteolytic cleavage

17
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

ciliated epithelial cells beat in coordination in order to push pathogens from the deep lung up the trachea and out through the nasal opening

important protective factor of the respiratory tract

18
Q

what does loss of mucociliary escalator cause

A

increased risk of bacterial pneumonia

ex. bordetella causes ciliary stasis

19
Q

how can host protect itself against bordetella

A

produce SP-A (surfactant protein A) which blocks bord from binding to ciliated epithelium

20
Q

mucin layer

A

production of mucins by goblet cells creates a mucus layer on top of epithelium that protects host cells from pathogens

needs to be thick enough to be protective but serous enough to allow cilia to move

21
Q

how does the respiratory epithelium actively participate in the immune response

A
  1. TLRs/NOD-like receptors activate the NFkB pathway
  2. produces AMPs and chemokine to recruit neutrophils, inactive macrophages, and DCs
  3. produces cytokines (IL-1 and 6) that activate macrophages
22
Q

NFkB pathway

A

generates a pro-inflammatory response by epithelial cells

23
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

primary cellular protection of the lower respiratory tract
- detects small (<5 um) particles that deposit in the lower respiratory tract

resident cells (do NOT leave the alveolus)

24
Q

what is the predominant Ig in alveolar fluid lining

A

IgG

25
Q

what is required for an acute response to be effective

A

production of inflammatory cytokines

26
Q

what can happen if acute response is unable to be turned off

A

cytokine storm
- leads to fluid and cellular accumulation and damage to type I epithelial cells
- causes severe pneumonia or ARDS

27
Q

what is a normal upper airway cytology and what sample do you use

A

sample: transtracheal aspirate

low cellularity
- few normal neutrophils

28
Q

what is an abnormal upper airway cytology

A

high cellularity
- abundant degenerate neutrophils

29
Q

what pathogen type causes most URT infections

A

viruses or upper respiratory bacteria (ex. strep equi)

30
Q

what is a normal lower airway cytology and what sample do you use

A

sample: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

alveolar macrophages + lymphocytes

31
Q

what is an abnormal lower airway cytology

A

contains neutrophils

should NOT have >5% neutrophils in lower airway - indicates inflammation

32
Q

what is a common outcome of chronic respiratory inflammation

A

formation of granulomas due to Th1 cell response
- activates M1 macrophages –> pyogranulomas

visible on radiographs

33
Q

what does an ineffective response to chronic respiratory inflammation cause

A

fibrosis and tissue remodeling

unable to dampen down immune response after clearance of pathogen

34
Q

what antibody response is required for pathogens that use host proteins for entry OR bind to host proteins

A

IgA neutralizing antibodies
- produced locally
- secreted into mucus lining

35
Q

what antibody response is required for pathogens that have thick capsules w/ anti-phagocytic properties

A

IgG and IgA
- improve opsonization and complement activation

36
Q

what antibody response is required for pathogen that evade phagosome-lysosome fusion and replicate within alveolar macrophages

A

IgG and Th1
- improve phagocytosis via IFN-y and opsonization

VET 413: Infectious Disease/Immunology (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions