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Vaccine Preventable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Chikungunya is a bacteria infection

A

F - viral and spread via infected mosquitos

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2
Q

Where is Chikungunya endemic

A

Africa, Asia + Americas (excluding Canada, Chile + US), Europe

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3
Q

What is likely going to lead to and increase in Chikungunya infections

A

climate change: higher T and humidity allow mosquitos to thrive in new areas

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4
Q

Chikungunya infections SS

A

normally symptomatic + SL
- fever, joint pain
- may get rash, fatigue etc

** joint pain lasts a couple days but arthralgia can last for mths or years

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5
Q

Complications of chikungunya

A

myocarditis, hepatitis, ocular + neuro conditions —- rare

  • virus normally not fatal
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6
Q

Is cholera B or V

A

Bacterial infection caused by 2 serogroups of Vibrio cholerae
- toxic ones can be found in water + is associated with not good access to clean water

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7
Q

Infections with V. cholera

A

normally via drinking water with bacteria in it or ingesting contaminated seafood

—- can spread to other via stool (has B in it and can get into water)

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8
Q

T or F: most people with cholera are symptomatic

A

F- normally asymptomatic
— if symptomatic: watery diarrhea (severe + major water loss —— rapid dehydration and death

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9
Q

Who is recommended to get vaccine against cholera

A

those who are highest risk of infection
- live in endemic areas (Africa) , HCP in endemic areas

** those travelling in these countries with C have low risk of E

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10
Q

Transmission of COVID 19

A

Three ways
- aerosol particles (when breathing or talking)
- respiratory droplets (coughing)
- or via touching mucous membranes with hands + then touching others

SARS viruses found in variety of mammals (a lot can move bw animals and humans)

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11
Q

How many novel Coronaviruses have been ID

A

3
SARs-COV1

MERS-COV: middle east respiratory syndrome

SARS-COV2

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12
Q

What has lead to different variants in COV2 virus

A

genetic mutations
- some have different manifestations + are affected not always by prior immunity

OG: 4-7 incubation
Omicron: 2-4 incubation

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13
Q

T or F: compared to adults, kids are less likely to be hospitalized, need ICU, or die from COVID

A

T

— no matter age though: risk increases is smoking, immunocomp, chronic heart/liver/kidney disease, DM, obesity, preg

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14
Q

Estimation of prevention of death with COVID vaccine

A

14.4 million bw 2020-2021

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15
Q

T or F: you need to have had severe COVID to greet PPC (long covid)

A

F- can happen in anyone (more common if severe)
- less likely to occur in those who are fully vaccinated

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16
Q

Is Diphtheria caused by B or V

A

B : Corynebacterium diphtheria

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17
Q

How is C.diphtheria transmitted

A

person to person via respiratory droplets

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18
Q

SS of diphtheria

A

affects MM

severe: pharyngeal, tonsillar and laryngeal infections

toxins: causes tissue destruction + pseudomembrane formation

SS: malaise, sore throat, anorexia, fever
—- eventually get blue-white membrane on tonsils ( if get too big : may impact respiration)
— may get edema of neck (bull neck)

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19
Q

Death rate of diphtheria

A

5-10% with higher rate if under 5 or over 40

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20
Q

Treatment for diphtheria

A

antitoxin and antibiotic
- antitoxin: binds to unbound toxin to stop progression
- ABX: kill B
—— indicated for close contacts too

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21
Q

Is Ebola caused by a V or B

A

V
- reservoir not really known (most virulent: fruit bats has EBOV —- responsible for most cases of ebola)

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22
Q

How is EBOV transmitted

A

transmitted to human via handling or ingesting infected animals (bats and wild game) or via contact with infected blood/bodily fluids/ body tissues or contaminated things

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23
Q

Where is ebola epidemic

A

Central, West and East Africa

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24
Q

SS of Ebola

A

Fever, sever headache, diarrhea, vomiting
—— can vomit a lot

may get hemorrhaging from GI (late cases)

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25
Fatality of ebola
25-90% of those infected - if do survive, have long recovery time + complications
26
Ebola vaccine in Canada
only available through National emergency strategic stockpile if potential outbreaks or exposure to known cases — if travelling to area for humanitarian work with high risk —- can get
27
What ie Enterotoxigenic E. coli
B that causes 25% of acute travellers diarrhea
28
How it ETEC spread
spread via contaminated food or water (less often)
29
ETEC vaccination
normally mild and SL - vaccine only recommended for those with highest risk of infection (endemic areas, HC in these ares)
30
Hib vs HI
Hib: type of typeable HI ——- responsible for 95% of all HI illnesses which include meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis
31
How is Hib spread
respiratory droplets - colonize nasopharynx of humans - humans can be reservoir + asymptomatic ( make protective Ab — thought to be reasons for decreased incidence of Hib in kids < 5)
32
Pre vaccine HiB responsibility for disease rates
50-65% cases of meningitis permanent hearing or neurological complications in 15-30% of people - even with treatment 5% died ** still present worldwide by rates low due to vaccination
33
What is the leading cause of hep A in Canada
travelling
34
What is Hep A and how is it transmitted
Virus spread via fecal-oral route (contaminated food and beverage) — shed virus in poop for 2 wks before get onset of SS (virus is viable in environment for weeks)
35
T or F: Hep A can be spread via blood
T - F-O more often (common in areas with poor sanitation + limited clean water
36
T or F: children under 6 are normally asymptomatic
T- normally no symptoms but huge source of infection as they are shedding it
37
SS of hep A
anorexia, nausea, fever and jaundice normally lasts 2 mths
38
Hep A mortality and hospital rate
0.5% death 1/4 need to go to hospital
39
What is Hep B and how is it transmitted
Virus normally transmitted with mucosal or percutaneous contact with infected bodily fluids (blood, saliva, sexual shit) - up to 50% of adults and most kids will by asymptomatic
40
SS of Hep B
first week: non specific (fever, N/V, malaise, skin rash, dark urine) Icteric phase (1-3 weeks) : jaundice, light stools, hepatic tenderness — most people get full recovery + production of Ab ensure immunity
41
Progression rate of Hep B to fulminat Hep B + MR
1-2% get F hep —- mortality rate of 65-90% — large number of acute cases will progress to chronic (higher MR) —- 90% of infants will progress to chronic (decrease with age) —- normally asymptomatic + huge source of infection but risk of chronic hepatitis, liver failure
42
Estimation of premature death of those with chronic Hep B
25%
43
Hep B carrier rate in Canada
1%
44
What is Herpes zoster
virus (HSV) —- causes shingles + chickenpox primary: causes varicella (painful vesicular eruptions and unilateral dermatome on trunk) Reactivation: shingles (normally when 50+ + immunocomp)
45
What is PHN
post herpetic neuralgia associated with herpes zoster virus — persistent pain at site of rash of up to 3 mths ** no therapies —— vaccines decrease both HZ and PHN
46
What is the most commonly spread STI
HPV — 75% of sexually active Canadians will have at some point —— link with HPV and cervical cancer virus
47
T or F: infection with one type of HPV gives immunity to other types of HPV
F
48
Number of HPV associated with cervical cancer
40 types that are associated with different types of cancer 16+ 18 : cause about 70% of all cervical and anal cancers 6+ 11: 90% of genital warts
49
T or F: most healthy individuals can clear HPV infections
T small proportion stay infected —— CIN CIN can resolve by itself but some people with get high grade abnormalities —- cancer precursors
50
T or F: vaccines for HPV has been shown to decrease risk of getting cervical cancer
T - benefit is highest in those who are not yet sexually active
51
Subtypes of flu
4: A, B, C, D A: classified into further groups based on surface Ag which are related to viruses’ ability to attach + penetrate cells —— causes moderate to severe cells Type B: milder disease (mostly in kids) Type C: only mild Type D: not known to infect humans
52
T or F: once you get a flu vaccine, you get immunity going forward
F- minor alterations in virus cause previously acquired immunity not getting complete protection —— called antigenic drift
53
How is flu transmitted
respiratory droplets : virus penetrates + replicated in epithelial cells (cell death) —- follows a seasonal pattern (start late fall and tapering off in early spring)
54
What is the most commonly severe complication of flu
bacterial pneumonia
55
Flu hospital rate + death rate
annually: 12, 000 hospital death: 0.5-1% per 1000 cases (normally those 65+)
56
Is Japanese Encephalitis caused by B or V
Virus that is closely related to West Nile — transmitted via infected mosquitos Reservoirs: pigs + birds
57
T or F: risk of JE is high in those who travel to endemic areas (Asia)
F- low risk depending on destination, season or nature of travel
58
Death rate of those who get encephalitis
up to 30% (not all who get JE are symptomatic , 1% will be and get acute encephalitis) —— mental changes, Parkinson like symptoms up to 50% survive with problems
59
Is Measles caused by B or V
Virus + spreads via respiratory droplets —- get into via nose + then travels to lymph nodes
60
Measles disease progression
2-3 days after infection: primary viremia occurs 1 wk later: 2nd viremia ( respiratory track and other organs are affected after incubation period: proximal symptoms for 2-4 days —— fever, cough + conjunctivitis + Koplik spots on mucous membranes (blue white pathogenic spots) 2-4 days later: maculopapular rash that spreads down face + neck
61
Complication rate of those who get Measles
1/3 : more likely to occur in those < 5 + older than 20
62
Measles complication rate: encephalitis
0.1% will get —- 15% of these will die 25% of survivors will have permanent neurological shit —- will have permanent immunity though
63
Is Meningococcal disease caused by B or V
B : Neisseria meningitis — leading cause of BM in Canada ; children < 5 at greatest risk
64
Transmission of Meningococci
Respiratory droplets from nasopharynx of colonized individuals — small number of people will have invasion of BS after penetration of nose — 50% of these bacteremic pts —- meningitis develops
65
SS of Meningitis
sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia and altered mental status
66
Death rate of meningococcemia (Meningococcal sepsis)
in up to 40% of people even with treatment Sepsis: occurs in 5-20% of people without meningitis — 20% of survivors will have permanent problems
67
Is MPox caused by a virus or B
Monkeypox virus (same family as small and cow pox) - reservoir small mammals in endemic ares of West + Central Africa
68
How do humans get Mpox
get through a bite or scratch, consuming undercooked meat or via contact with infected animal fluids or lesions H-H transmission is also possible (direct contact with infected person fluids, mucosal surfaces or skin lesions) OR respiratory droplets
69
Do we have MPox outbreaks in Canada
Yes: get via infected travellers or infected animals — since began getting in canada: most transmission via sex ( PH emergency declared in August)
70
Mpox symptoms
normally SL: 2-4 wks SS: lesions that are painful, fever, sore throat, rectal pain, fatigue, V, diarrhea — lesions can appear anywhere on the body ** can experience only skin symptoms, only systemic symptoms or both
71
Mpox: who are more likely to have complications
preg, immunocomp, or young children
72
Is measles B or V
V: occurs worldwide and endemic in some areas - spread via respiratory droplets
73
Most common complication with mumps in post pubertal men
orchitis: testes inflammation —- swelling , tenderness etc sterility is rare
74
Deafness rate with mumps
1/20,000
75
Pertussis: cause B or V
B: toxin mediated disease caused by Bordetella pertussis - pertussis is highly communicable and transmitted via contact with respiratory droplets incubation : 7 days though can last 3 wks
76
3 stages of pertussis infection
1) Catarrhal stage: SS like a cold 2) Paroxysmal stage: cough more severe + get coughing fits with thick mucus - by end normally have long inspirations effort associated with whoop sound - lasts 2-8 week 3) Gradual decrease in coughing fits (can last wks to mths)
77
Most common complications with pertussis
Bacterial pneumonia - most common (more likely cause of death)
78
Does pertussis impact infants or adults more
infants + children adults: can have it still but normally asymptomatic or mild (reservoir)
79
Death rate in Canada pertussis
causes 1 to 3 deaths in canada (normally in those under 6 mths) — immunity after infection is not permanent
80
Pneumococcal: V or B
B: Strep pneumonia — 80+ serotypes; most cause disease but only some cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) — major cause of death worldwide
81
How is pneumococci spread
person to person via respiratory droplets incubation - can cause 3 major invasive syndromes: pneumonia, bacteria, and meningitis
82
MR of pneumococcal pneumonia
5-7%
83
MR of pneumococci meningitis in kids and adults
K: 8% A: 22%
84
Polio: B or V
V with 3 serotypes (infection with one — doesn’t give immunity to other) transmitted via fecal -oral + highly infectious
85
T or F: polio virus can impact CNS
T: can replicate in motor neurons and cause cell death
86
T or F: Canada was deemed polio free in 1994
T
87
Abortive poliomyelitis
seen in 1/4 of polio infections in kids - low grade fever, sore throat that resolves in a week -1-5% will get stiffness of neck and legs etc
88
Flaccid paralysis and polio
results in less than 1% of polio infections in kids — loss of reflexes and progressive paralysis —- MR: 2-5% in kids and 15-30% in adults
89
What is rabies
acute encephalomyelitis causes by virus (lyssavirus) - most common transmission via bite by animal with rabies considered 100% fatal
90
Who is recommended to get rabies vaccine
travellers depending on duration of stay, activities, availability of post rabies exposure therapy + occurrence of rabies in destination - if get animal bit: clean right away and should be evaluated for PEP if mammal bite (bat bite —- always indication for PEP)
91
What is RSV
virus that causes a lot of respiratory illness transmitted with respiratory droplets, hands or forties Canada: get outbreaks every year (normally fall to early spring)
92
Risk of Infants developing serious URTI from RSV
20-30% get pneumonia or bronchitis Adults: can also get pneumonia, exacerbation of COPD etc RSV vaccine approached for those 60+ in Canada
93
What is Rotavirus
Virus caused disease where virus can survive in environment for long tiem - following oral ingestion: it replications in SI - a lot are asymptomatic: 1/3 of kids will get D/V + 7% go to hospital prior infection doesn’t give immunity PF vaccines shown to decrease incidence of infection + need for hospital
94
What is Rubella
German measles: caused by a virus - spread via respiratory droplets illness normally mild + asymptomatic in 1/2 of people main SS: rash on face + spread down to feet (may be itchy) — older people: may have fever + URT SS
95
Complications of RUbella
Rare + normally happen in adults - a lot of women have arthralgia and arthritis Encephalitis: 1/6000 GI hemorrhage: 1/3000 kids most significant infection: congenital rubella (pregnant lady gets it) — can pass to baby + can lead to foetal death, abortion or preterm delivery + congenital defects ** if happen in 1st trimester: 85% of infants are infected
96
What is the primary goal of the rubella vaccination program
to prevent congenital rubella syndrome
97
What it tetanus + its cause
lockjaw - caused by toxin made by a bacteria spores of bacteria found in environment ( germinate when exposed to area with little O2 + make exotoxins) C. tetanus: most potent toxin to us (normally gets to us via wound)
98
Death rate of tetanus (industrialized)
10% : most due to prolonged hospital stay not toxin itself
99
What is typhoid
disease caused by a bacteria ( S. enterica) —- specifically S. tophi transmitted via ingestion of fecal contaminated food or water (most people to travel to areas where this is endemic —- low risk of getting) — highest risk in India, Pakistan + Bangladesh (1/3500)
100
T or F: Up to 5% of people who are infected with typhi become chronic carriers
T
101
T or F: most travellers to South Asia should be offered typhoid vaccine
T
102
What is Varicella
caused by VZV and spread via infected resp droplets + can also be contracted with contact with skin lesions —- after get: VZV will chill out in nerves and can get reactivated later chickenpox: rash on head, trunk then extremities
103
What is yellow fever
disease caused by a virus spread through infected mosquitos - there are human and non human reservoirs - blood borne transmission can also occur endemic to tropical South America + parts of Africa (risk when travelling is low unless in rural area or spending long time there) - normally disease resolves in couple days - 15% will have remission of symptoms though that can cause renal failure etc ( death rate of this up to 50% )

Pharm 228 (20 decks)

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