Types of Immunizing Agents + their Composition Flashcards
What are live attenuated vaccines
vaccines that contain live microbes but they are weakened
— microbe can still replicate within host + mimic true infection (but weak so can’t cause true infection)
— infections is still apparent but mild
How many doses of a live vaccine do you need for immunity
can get lifelong immunity from 1 dose
—- 2nd dose is sometimes needed for better coverage though
Live vaccines: do you need regular booster with injection or oral vaccine
oral
CI live vaccines
Pregnant people + immunocomp (can’t stop weak bacteria replication)
T or F: circulating Ab can reduce the efficacy of a live vaccine
T
Spacing for live vaccines
2 can be given on same day
IF not: must separate by >/= 28 days
Examples of live vaccines
MMR, varicella, yellow fever, BCG, TB, cholera
T or F: non live vaccines are impacted by circulating Ab
F
Can non live vaccines be safety used in immunocomp + preg people
yes
Do you need boosters with non live vaccines
yes—- immune response can decrease over time so regular boosters may be needed
—- also need multiple doses to get immune response
Types of non live vaccines
1) Inactivated
2) Subunit
4) Toxoids
5) mRNA
6) Viral vector
What are inactivated non-live vaccines
these are vaccines where the microbe is killed using heat or chemicals
ex// Hep A, flu, polio , rabies
What are subunit non-live vaccines
vaccines that contain a purified fraction of the virus/B
— generally have lower immunogenicity therefore may require adjuvant or multiple doses
What are the 4 types of subunit non-live vaccines
1) protein: include viral protein isolated in lab + mix with immune stimulator (adjuvant) + inject into body to stimulate immune response
2) polysaccharide: isolate viral poly (long chain of sugar molecules that make up surface capsule of bacteria)
3) conjugate: vaccine made by joining piece of poly capsule that surrounds bacteria to a protein carrier (better immune response)
—- when injected into host: get a T cell dependent reaction
4) Recombiant: made via genetic engineering, take plasmid encoding gene for viral surface Ag + insert into host cell—host cell makes Ag in large quantities + we purify this shit
—- use this Ag to insert === immune response in target host
Limitations of subunit polysaccharide non live vaccines
not consistently immunogenic in children < 2 yrs
- repeat doses don’t result in boost in response as primary Ig made is IgM
Benefits of conjugate non live vaccines
increased immunogenicity in kids < 2 bc have protein + poly targets for immune system to recognize + mount immune response against
— get boost response if give multiple doses
What are toxoid vaccines
Vaccines that contain an inactive toxin that targets the toxic activity created by target microbe not the microbe itself
- toxoid: modification of toxin produced by microbe so that it is no longer toxic but can still simulate the production of immune response (anti-toxin Ab)
- need series of injections to get full immunity followed by regular boosters (ex// tetanus)
What are mRNA vaccines + how do they work
vaccine containing mRNA for a specific protein produced by the target microbe (normally protein found on microbe surface)
— normally nanoparticle containing RNA that delivers the mRNA to cells (fuses); instructions are read + microbe protein made by host cell
— immune system makes AB to protein
Advantages of mRNA vaccines
fast
produce Ab and cell mediated immune response
non-infectious (contains no B) so can be used in preg and immunocomp
—BUT may have increase SEs
What is a viral vector vaccine
Vaccine that uses a harmless virus to deliver the genetic code of the Ag we want our immune system to fight
gene delivery system —— host cell makes Ag and body mounts immune response
Ex// AstraZeneca vaccine
What are adjuvants
substances added into vaccines in enhance the immune response
Positives of adjuvants
allows us to potentially decrease the amount of Ag/per dose
Reduce the total number of doses
T or F: adjuvant use in vaccines is associated with an increase rate of local and systemic reactions to the vaccine
T- because better immune response — more pain, fever etc
Examples of adjuvants used in Canada vaccines
aluminum salts, ASO1, AS01B, AS04, Matrix-M
What is the purpose of preservatives in vaccines
chemicals added to multi-dose vaccines to prevent serious secondary infections as a result of contamination of product
Examples of preservatives
thimerosal - most vaccines in Canada don’t contain this
phenol
T or F: antibiotics are a type of additive used in vaccines in order to weaken the viruses
F: used in antibiotics to prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing process
Purpose of eggs, yeast proteins and AA in vaccines
support growth of viruses (if attenuated?)
Purpose for adding formaldehyde into vaccines
used to inactivate or weaken virus during process of making vaccine (attenuated), removed before packaging of vaccines
What is a vaccine series ? What does it include
number and timing of doses needed to gain protective immunity
What are boosters
additional doses needed following completion of primary in order to regain protective immunity over time
What types of vaccines are there for COVID? age limits?
mRNA: >/= 6 mths
recombinant >/= 12 yrs
What is the difference bw Tdap and DTap
vaccines for the same things: diphtheria, tetanus + pertussis
— D vs d: correlates to the dose of diphtheria in vaccine
T or F: all adults should get at least one dose of Td after 18+ and then boosters of Tdap every 10 years thereafter
F: should get one dose of Tdap after being 18+ and then Td boosters every 10 years
T or F: Tdap is recommended in all pregnant people to get bw the 27-32 wk mark
T- help protect baby against pertussis
- can give earlier if worried about preterm (13-27) or even after (post 32 weeks)
T or F: all Hep A vaccines have the same dosing schedule + age indications
F- they vary bw products
Which type of people do we give 2X hep B doses to?
those on dialysis, chronic renal failure and immunocomp
How long does your protection last against Hep A and B once you finish your primary series
A: at least 20 years
B: 15 years but considered protected for life
What is the indication for the Shingles vaccine
Indicated in all those who are 50+ and those 18-49 who are or will become immunocomp
T or F: The shingles vaccine used to be a recombinant vaccine but was recently switched to live attenuated (2023)
F: always used to be live (Zostavax or LZV) until 2023 then switched to recombinant in 2023 (Shingrix)
- if have gotten LZV: you should also get RZV at least 1 year since your LZV dose
Indication for HPV vaccine
indicated for those 9-45
- no upper age limit to vaccine if someone is has ongoing risk of exposure
** using if > 45: not CI
T or F: if a pregnant person needs HPV vaccine, give it to them before birth as it helps provide protection to the baby
F- wait till give birth
Influenza vaccine Nomenclature
Type of Vaccine: I , LA or R
Number of strains it covers: 3 or 4
Formulation: adjuvant, cc (cell cultured), HD (High dose), SD (standard dose)
Flu Vaccination schedule for those 6mths to 9yrs
If getting first lifetime vaccination against flu, should be given 2 doses >/= 28 days apart
What flu vaccine is preferred for those > 65
IIV4-HD over IIV4-SD or IIV3-Adj
Indication for IIlV3-Adj
those 5-23mths + adults >/= 65
Indication for IIV4-SD + IIV4+cc
age >/= 6 mths
LAIV4 indication
2-59 yrs
RIV4 indication
> /=18 yrs
What are the 3 pneumococcal vaccines and which is preferred
PCV-15 and PPSV-23, PCV-20
PCV-20: pneumococcal conjugate 20 valentine vaccine (Prevnar) if preferred + should be used in those who have been vaccinated against pneumococcal disease before
- PPSV-23L covered in ON if 65+
T or F: in Canada, the RSC vaccine (Arexvy) contains the same adjuvant as Shingrix but double the dose
F- half the dose of the same adjuvant
** don’t know duration of protection
