Immune Systems + Vaccines Flashcards
What are Ag
substances that the body sees as foreign + mounts immune response against
What are Ab + their types
proteins that bind to Ag + cause immune response
5 types: IgM, IgE, IgG, IgM , IgA
Which Ig is most likely to move bw mom and fetus
IgG
Which Ig is normally first one involved in initial infections
IgM
What are epitopes + their importance for immune responses with Ig
epitopes: specific attachment sites/points on the Ag that the Ig recognizes
1 Ag: can have multiple epitopes
Ig binds to epitope + forms a complex which triggers immune response to get rid of Ag
What are the 4 processes that can be triggered by Ig -Ag complexes
1) Precipitation: forms insoluble complex
2) Lysis: binding causes recruitment of complement that results in porin formation on target organism + death
3) Agglutination: when they bind, it causes the Ag to clump together (bunch bind) — target for phagocytosis
4) Neutralizaiton: Ig blocks pathogen activity, can’t do anything now
T or F: Vaccines are products that contain purified Ab at set amounts
F- contain purified Ag
What is innate immunity
1st line of defense: skin, secretions, microbiota
Cells: N, E, Macros, DC, B
—- non-specific + causes inflammation + fever like responses
activates adaptive
What is adaptive immunity
2nd line of defence that is started later on during first into with substance
— has memory component: so allows for quicker activation at later encounters
- includes T and B cells
- specific/targeted
Passive Adaptive Immunity
adaptive immunity that you get via Ab transfer from donor to recipient —- gives temporary immunity (no memory)
- can get naturally (mom) or artificially (Ig injection)
Active Adaptive Immunity
immunity that you get via exposure to Ag —- causes body to make Ab
— longer lasting immunity
- can get via natural infections or artificially (vaccines)
Difference bw Humoral and Cell mediated
Humoral: B cells (made in BM) and make Ab + memory cells
Cell-mediated: includes T cells (made in BM and mature in thymus) —— Th (helper) and Tc (cytotoxic)
Differences bw first and second immune responses
first exposure: innate primary + slowly activated humoral —- start making IgM then later IgG
2nd exposure: have memory cells that we made during primary exposure that allow body to response faster to Ag the 2nd time
—- faster IgG production + higher conc
Differences bw T dependent and T independent Ag Immune Response
T dependent: need Th to activate B to make Ag
- normally generate memory
- Ag normally proteins
T indpendent: B cells activated but not by Th
- less likely to have memory
- Ag: normally polysaccharides, NA, glycolipids
What host factors impact an individuals immune response to a vaccine
Immune history
Age
Microbiota
Obesity
Sex
Pregnancy
What are components of immune history that can impact immune response to vaccines
Circulating Ag in body: acquired (mom), from blood transfusion or Ig injection
- may impair how our body reacts to live vaccines
Prior receiving of live vaccines: you can’t give two live vaccines closer than 28 days apart (unless on same day) —— can cause immune interference
How does age impact immune response to vaccines
young (< 2): immature immune system + don’t respond much to certain Ag (poly)
Old: decrease immune response (Immunosenescence) + have higher baseline levels of inflammation
- reduce immune response
T or F: microbiota impacts our bodies immune response to vaccines because it if its high , our immune system gets confused + overwhelmed
F- don’t really know mech
Why might obesity impact immune response to vaccines
not fully sure but think that may be due to low T cell fxn, chronic inflammation or changes in gut microbiome
How does Sex impact immune response to vaccines
think E might be involved in Ab production + fxn
—- F have higher Ab levels post immunization
** test: reduce immune response
pregnancy : related to this and how there are changes in E + P levels + changes in cytokine levels
Vaccine related factors that impact immune response to vaccines
Type of Ag
Dose of Ag
Vaccine storage + handling
Presence of Adjuvants
Interval bw doses
T or F: if the Ag in vaccine is less like the Ag seen in normal disease, we get a stronger immune response
T - if more similar we get a better response
Why is interval bw doses important + impact our immune response to vaccines
need minimum interval bw to ensure enough time for body to develop memory (too early —- decrease efficacy)
What factors impact the choice of immunization schedule for vaccines
patients age
- Age at which newborns still have maternal Ab
- age that less likely to be effective
- age at which exposure to infectious things more likely + could increase risk of disease
minimal interval requirement bw doses
- actual intervals may differ from this but always longer
RFs : that impact getting disease or severity
T or F: if you disrupt any vaccine schedule (aka miss dose or are late), you need to restart the whole schedule
F - interruption of primary doesn’t require restarting series for most vaccines
EXCEPT oral cholera and traveller’s diarrhea vaccine + rabies vaccine
T or F: you can’t give too many vaccines at once as you can overload the immune system
F - no such thing
Differences in Immunity from Natural infections vs Immunization
Natural: may offer more complete response + last longer (but chance of complications during infection)
Immunization: largely avoid serious complications but may need multiple doses to get immunity
