Vaccine

Question 1

samoa red flag

Answer 1

-december 2019
-42 000 cases of measles
-62 deaths
-no one was vaccinated
-everyone had to stay home

Question 2

why are some vaccinnes more successful than others like leish, malaria and hiv

Answer 2

because they have antibodies that are highly protective while the other vaccines don’t

Question 3

what are the 3 malaria vaccine targets

Answer 3

-liver stages
-merozoites
-gametocytes

Question 4

malaria vaccine rts target

Answer 4

sporozoite and liver stage malaria
-csp: circumsporozoite protein

Question 5

what is the other vaccine for malaria

Answer 5

blood stage
-based on ama1
the protein that helps the merozoite to get in, it;s the thing that attaches on ron2 on the rbcs

Question 6

what is the circumsporozoite

Answer 6

it coats the the parasite

Question 7

what is the malaria vaccine made up of

Answer 7

-circumsporozoite lil sequence linked to the hep b protein which

Question 8

name of the malaria vaccine

Answer 8

mosquirix

Question 9

how is the malaria vaccine effective for kids

Answer 9

30% after 4 doses

Question 10

lives saved thanks to the malaria vaccine

Answer 10

-30% of 500 000 deaths/year
-150 000 potential lives saved (significant)

Question 11

what are the challenges to do better malaria vaccine

Answer 11

-prolonger evolution with humans: plasmodium has developed mechanisms to resist immune system clearance
-sterilizing immunity does not develop naturally: only partial immunity (premunition)
-currently attempting to make a live attenuated sporozoite vaccine

Question 12

why are live attenuated vaccines a slay for parasites

Answer 12

-you get all the antigens not only one
-more targets for antibody
-stimulation of TN last longer and more Teff and Tm, it lasts for months
-rapid response and delayed response

Question 13

how to generate radiation attenuated live sporozoires aka the PFspz malaria vaccine

Answer 13

-infected mosquitos are treated with radiation, then dissected to isolate attenuated sporozoite
-dissection facility to make PFspz vaccine
-2.7x10^5 sporozoites injected IV
-human vaccine trial, 4 doses
-provides complete protection for 1 year

Question 14

why develop a live attenuated vaccine for leish

Answer 14

-People who are successfully treated for leishmaniasis are immunologically protected
against re-infection (unlike malaria).
-Leishmanization has been used successfully in countries in the middle east.
(infecting people with live Leishmania major)
-Possible to grow large quantities of Leishmania promastigotes in culture, no need to
isolate from sandflies.
-Defined attenuated Leishmania strains can be developed by deleting virulence genes
using CRISPR-Cas gene editing. No need to irradiate promastigotes

Question 15

true or false: contrary to leish you can’t culture plasmodium from a frozen stock in a bioreactor

Answer 15

true
plasmodium sporozoires must be developed in insects
-they need to be developed from oocyres
-merozoites can’t multiply outside of rbcs

Question 16

how can you culture safe leish

Answer 16

-you remove the virulence gene from L major using crispr gene editing
-required to proliferate in mammalian host, but not needed to proliferate in culture

Question 17

what was the ld vaccine tested in

Answer 17

-hamsters
-did not have any weight loss nor mortality when challenged with ld

Question 18

can imiquimod be used as a vaccine adjuvant in combination

Answer 18

yeah it pushes the immune response towards the TH1 response
-activation of macrophages and parasite killing

Question 19

which imiquimod is better as an adjuvant

Answer 19

intradermal and dermal because it is in the dermis that there are more immune cells in that dermis compared to the muscle