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mimm 413 > Giardia > Flashcards

Giardia Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: giardia is a protozoa

A

true

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2
Q

true or false: giardia is non flagellated

A

false it is flagellated

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3
Q

who found giardia first

A

antony van leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

what are the names of giardia intestinalis

A

G. lamblia or G. duodenalis

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5
Q

true or false: giardia infects the intestine

A

true

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6
Q

what does giardia cause

A

diarrhea

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7
Q

what is the most common enteropathogen worldwide

A

giardia

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8
Q

true or false: giardia is not a fatal infection

A

true but it does play a role in millions of deaths yearly
-due to the diarrhea

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9
Q

g muris infects what

A

rodents

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10
Q

g agilis infects what

A

amphibians

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11
Q

g ardae infects what

A

great blue heronw

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12
Q

hat does g microti infect

A

voles

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13
Q

what does g lamblia infect

A

humans

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14
Q

what does giardia infect

A

the upper part of the intestine

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15
Q

what is the type of life cycle of giardia

A

direct

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16
Q

which part of the infectious cycle is infectuous in giardia

A

cyst

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17
Q

giardia can survive in water at 4 degrees for how long?

A

3 months

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18
Q

how many cysts are sufficient to infect humans for giardia

A

10

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19
Q

About ….. of people in developed countries have had giardiasis

A

1/3

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20
Q

giardia affects how % of adults and kids

A

2% of adults and 6-8% of kids

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21
Q

which is the most common commonly diagnosed intestinal parasite in us and canada

A

giardia

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22
Q

how many cases per year in the usa but what is the incidence

A

-20 000 cases/year
-2 million

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23
Q

giardia is fatal for who

A

immunocompromised people
-hiv, transplant peeps, old and kids

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24
Q

what is the prevalence of giardia acute infection

A

20-30%

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25
Q

where is giardia mostly found

A

Russia, E. Europe, Turkey, SE Asia, Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa

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26
Q

giardia cyst is resistant to what?

A

chlorine

27
Q

giardia cyst is not resistant to what

A

freezing

28
Q

what does the giardia cyst dimensions

A

6-10 u and is elliptically shaped

29
Q

the giardia cyst wall is composed of what

A

fibrous components containing polymers of galactosamine and proteins

30
Q

what does induce the encystation process for giardia

A

stomach acids

31
Q

biological features of giardia

A
  • Two nuclei (lack nucleoli)
    -has a ventral disk
  • Absence of functional mitochondria
  • Lack peroxisomes
  • Altered Golgi apparatus
  • Dependant on anaerobic respiration
32
Q

giardia: after infestion of the cyst what happens….

A

-two trophozoites emerge in the duodenum and attch to the host small intestinal mucosa

33
Q

how do giardia multiply

A

binary fission in the lumen of the intestine
-they colonize the small bowel

34
Q

in giardia: some of the tropozoite encysts and are released how?

A

fecal materials

35
Q

how many pairs of flagella in giardia and where are they from

A

-four pairs of flagella
-originate from the basal bodies located near the nucleus

36
Q

what is unique to giardia cells

A

median body

37
Q

in giardia: virus and bacteria are found where?

A

in the cytoplasm, they are endosybionts

38
Q

what is the ventral disk made of

A

complex microtubules and fibrous structures
-structure is rich in tubulin, termed giardin

39
Q

what is the role of the ventral disck in giardia

A

serves as organelles of attachment

40
Q

what have been used to study giardia in humans

A

mice and giardia muris
-ther gerbil g lamblia model has been used to study the epidemiology and pathology of the disease

41
Q

mode of transmission giardia

A

-drinking contaminated water
-contaminated rivers, lakes etc and it is known as beaver fever
-eating contaminated food
-oerson to person contact

42
Q

true or false: giardia lamblia infects a wide range of mammals which acts as a reservoir

A

yeah like cattle

43
Q

an infected person with cysts sheds how many a day

A

1 billion per day

44
Q

in usa: how many cysts a day in waters

A

-10,000 – 100,000 cysts/litre in untreated sewage
-10 – 100 cysts/litre in treated sewage
-10 cyst/litre in surface water and even in tap water.

45
Q

true or false: 70% of infected peeps with giardia are unaware

A

false, it is 90%

46
Q

symtoms of giardia appear when ? and lasts for how long

A

6-15 days after infection and can last for 2-6 weekswh

47
Q

what are the most common symptoms of giardia

A

-diarrhea 96%
-weakness 72%
-loss of apetite and weight loss
50%

48
Q

what are two complications of giardia

A

malabsorbtion and dehydratation

49
Q

giardia can be asymptomatic or the cause of what?

A

of a severe enteropathy with malabsorbtion

50
Q

giardia: pathology in the small bowel can be evaluated by what?

A

measuring the villus to crypt ratio

51
Q

during the acute phase of the infection of giardia: there is a decrease of what and an increase in what

A

-Decrease of the height of the villi.
-Increase in the height of the crypt.

52
Q

giardiasis can be acute and…. or …

A

acute and self limiting or chronic

53
Q

when does malabsorbtion happen in giardiasis

A

-happens during the acute phase of the infection
-disapears after the elimination of the tropozoite from the small intestine

54
Q

what are the 3 distinct phases in the life cycle of giardia

A
  1. A latent period
  2. An acute phase
  3. An elimination phase
55
Q

innate immunity: giardiasis

A
  1. Presence of mucus in the
    small intestine acts as a
    barrier to the invasion of
    mucosal tissue.
  2. Normal human milk can kill
    Giardia trophozoites.
56
Q

adaptive immunity giardia:

A
  1. Both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are playing a role.
  2. A local inflammatory reaction develops in the small intestinal mucosa.
  3. The number of plasma cells present in the crypt increases. They are producing mainly IgA antibodies.
57
Q

which antibodies are the most common in giardiasis

A

igm and iga are prominant

58
Q

in giardiasis: igm plasma cells are prominant during when

A

in the early phase of the infection

59
Q

in giardiasis: iga plasma cells are prominent when

A

during the acute phase of the infection

60
Q

in giardiasis: circulating antibodies are found in the blood but are …..

A

not useful for protection nor diagnosis

61
Q

diagnosis giardia

A
  1. ELISA
  2. Stool examination for trophozoites and cysts (usually 3 samples)
  3. PCR: detection of different isolates
62
Q

treatment for giardiasis:

A

-metronidazole: fucks u up
-tinidazole: fucks u up
-ornidazole: fucks u up
-quinacrine: nausea and vomitting
-furazolidone: nausea and vomitting
-paromomycin: nephrotocixity

63
Q

matronidazole:

A

-Selectively binds to and damages DNA in anaerobic protozoa: Giardia, Ameba, Trichomonas vaginalis
-Highly active against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis, Clostirdium difficile, Helicobacter pylori
-Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol.

64
Q
A

mimm 413 (24 decks)

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