Lect 5 Flashcards
why is there more of leish in certain areas
because the mosquitoes prefer that environment
what was the disease that was the consequence of the protection against malaria
sickle cell anemia
what is sickle cell anemia
-reduced merozoite density
-caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene
what is the first disease to be cured using crispr gene editing in 2020
sickle cell anemia it was victoria gray
true or false: a snip in hemoglobin gene provides protection against malaria
true
og: pro glu glu
now: pro val glu
which malaria species are the ones where humans are the only reservoir
-plasmodium falciparum
-vivax
ovale
malaria
which species of plasmodium has monkey as the reservoir can also infect humans
plasmodium knowlesi
most cases of malaria are caused by… and … and most deaths are caused by….
falciparum and vivax
falciparum
vaccination for malaria
-rts,s vaccine made of the sporozoite surface protein: circumsporozoite protein aka csp: poor efficacy
-infants: 5-17 months provided 40% protection, less against severe malaria and requires 4 doses
chemotherapy for malaria
-quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisinin
-artemisinin combination therapy aka act is now recomended to not get drug resistance
chemo prevention malaria
-antimalarial drugs are recommended for all travelers to endemic areas
-recommended for pregnant woman living in africa
-infants (3-60 months) to be treated 4 doses per year
vector control of malaria
pyrethroid insecticide treated mosquito nets reduce mortality by 20% in kids younger than 5ys
what is the amount of $ needed for slay malaria per yeart
5 billion
why so many deaths due to malaria if there is effective treatments
lack of money
what do quinine and mefloquine do
they inhibit merozoite mrna translation
chloroquine and artemisinin do what
inhibit hemozoin formation aka you just get hematinin which is not good for the parasite
where does chloroquine come from
-1940
-used by american soldiers in ww2
what do chloroquine resistant parasite do
they pump out the hemetinin
when was artemisinin used
in 1970 by anerican soldiers during vietnam war
when was ACT started to be used
2000
how do sporozoited get into liver cells aka hepatocytes
circumsporozoite protein binds to heparin sulphate proteoglycan aka hspg from hepatocytes
sporozoites get into the hepatocytes and they replicate to make…..
schizonts
the schizonts get into the bloodstream and they form…
merosomes that will make merozoites
the release of merozoites into blood stream starts the….
erythrocytic cycle
what are the 3 main things in the merozoite
-dense granule
-rhoptry
-microneme
-apical prominense
what is important for movement to get into the rbc for malaria
-the ama1 and ron2 interaction which makes actomyosin motor activation
how does the merozoite get into the rbc
-gets into bloodstream
-merozoite attachment
-reorientation
-junction formation
-invasion
what is the important interaction to get into the rbc
-rh5 on merozoite and cd147 on the rbc
gorilla … mutated to bind to human cd147
rh5 then humans became a better reservoir than gorilla
erythrocyte cycle
-0: meryzoite gets in
-12h: you get a ring formation
-24h: tropozoite reorganizes rbc and it starts breakdown
-hemozoin formation
36H more merozoite are meade
-40h: you get schizonts -48h: merozoites yeet out
how many merozoites per rbc
16-32
