Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The indirect protection from infection of susceptible members of a population, and the protection of the population as a whole, which is brought about by immune individuals
- high numbers of the population need to be vaccinated for this to be effective

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2
Q

What is passive immunity and when is it used?

A
  • Provides rapid protection by administration of specific antibodies
  • Often used in cases of accidental exposure of susceptible animals to pathogens
  • Used as supportive therapy in animals with compromised immune systems
    e. g. colostrum in newborns
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3
Q

What are the 2 preferred responses to vaccination?

A
  • Stimulation of long-term memory

- Rapid secondary response

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4
Q

What type of cells are killed by Cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A
  • virus infected cells
  • cancer cells
  • cells containing intracellular bacteria
  • do not kill free virus
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5
Q

What kills free virus?

A

Virus neutralising antibody

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6
Q

Why are subcutaneous vaccines so useful?

A
  • Skin contains specialised monocyte-derived epidermal cells = Langerhans cells
  • Precursors of dendritic cells
  • Capture and process antigens in skin
  • Travel in lymph to lymph node
  • Become follicular dendritic cells
  • Stimulate T-cells very effectively
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7
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Non-specific enhancers of immune responses to non-living vaccines

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8
Q

How do adjuvants function?

A
  • Enabling slow release of vaccine antigens into the body to enhance immune recognition and response
  • Stimulating the immune system non-specifically
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9
Q

Give 3 examples of adjuvants

A
  • Aluminium and calcium salts
  • Microbial products
  • Synthetic agents
  • Exogenous cytokines
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10
Q

What are the pros and cons of using dead vaccines?

A
  • Safer than live vaccines
  • Give better antibody responses compared to CMI
  • Less immunogenic
  • Have to be administered more often
  • Not effective by natural infection route
  • Need adjuvants for effective immunity
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11
Q

What are live attenuated vaccine antigens?

A
  • mutants selected in vitro to reduce virulence but retain antigenicity
  • Live “vectors” into which are inserted specific gene products
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