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Y2 Pathology > Cell Degranulation > Flashcards

Cell Degranulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which two types of cell form tissues?

A

Epithelial

Mesenchymal

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2
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in the size and number of cells, or a decrease in the size of an organ

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3
Q

Give the 4 types of cellular adaptation

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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4
Q

Define what is meant by a cellular adaptation

A

Achieving a new, altered state due to excessive physiological stresses or pathological stimuli

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5
Q

Define the following:

  1. Hypoplasia

2. Aplasia

A
  1. Reduced organ volume because of incomplete cell proliferation
  2. Organ absence because of defective cell proliferation
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6
Q

When does physiological atrophy occur?

A
  • During early foetal development
  • Uterus after parturition
  • Thymus after puberty
  • Age deterioration
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7
Q

Give some examples of pathological atrophy

A
  • Disuse of skeletal muscle
  • Reduced oxygen blood perfusion
  • Inadequate nutrition on skeletal muscle
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation in neutered animals
  • Loss of innervation
  • Ageing
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8
Q

What happens to the cells when they are atrophied?

A
  • They are not dead
  • There is a reduction of the cellular metabolism
  • Reduction of cellular volume
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9
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cells or the size of an organ

  • no new cells just larger cells
  • no cell division involved
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10
Q

When does hypertrophy occur?

A

When there is an increased functional demand

Response to an increase in nourishment

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy

A
  • Smooth muscle cells in a pregnant uterus

- Skeletal muscle cells with training

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12
Q

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy

A

Heart wall muscle thickens due to cardiac myocyte overload

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13
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in organ volume due to an increased number of cells

- only possible in cells which can divide

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14
Q

Give some examples of physiological hyperplasia

A

Hormonal:
- Proliferation of mammary epithelium during pregnancy
- Proliferation of uterine epithelium during pregnancy
Compensatory:
- Partial hepatectomy

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15
Q

Give some examples of pathological hyperplasia

A
  • Excessive hormonal stimulation
  • Attempt at regeneration
  • Wound healing
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16
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change

Replacement of one adult cell type with another cell type

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17
Q

Give some examples of metaplasia

A
  • Replacement of respiratory epithelium by squamous epithelium
  • Reprogramming of stem cells
18
Q

What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations?

A
  • Normal cell constituents
  • Abnormal substances
  • Pigment
19
Q

Give examples of the processes involved that lead to intracellular accumulations

A
  • Normal or increased production but inadequate removal of normal endogenous substances
  • Genetic/acquired defect in metabolism, packaging or transport of normal substances
  • Deposition of abnormal exogenous substance
20
Q

What is the name for an aggregation of lipids?

A

Chylomicron

21
Q

Define steatosis

A

Abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells

22
Q

What are the causes of lipid accumulation?

A
  • Toxins
  • Protein malnutrition
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Anorexia
  • Alcohol abuse
23
Q

How do protein accumulations in a cell usually appear?

A

Round, eosinophilic droplets, vacuoles or aggregates within the cytoplasm

24
Q

What are the main reasons for protein accumulation?

A
  • Excess protein presented to the cell beyond its cellular metabolism
  • Defects in protein folding
25
Q

What are the reasons that protein folding defects may occur?

A
  • Defective intracellular transport and secretion of critical proteins
  • Toxicity of abnormally folded proteins
  • Genetic mutations
  • Ageing
  • Amyloidosis
26
Q

What are the most common exogenous pigments that can accumulate in the body?

A
  • Carbon
  • Coal dust
  • Tattooing
27
Q

Name the 3 most common endogenous pigment accumulations

A
  • Lipofuscin
  • Melanin
  • Hemosiderin (storage form of iron)
  • Bilirubin
28
Q

What condition is caused by an excessive of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice

29
Q

What is bilirubin converted to at the end of an erythrocyte lifespan?

A

Bile

30
Q

Where are the different %s of iron found in the body and in what forms?

A

80% - in haemoglobin, myoglobin and enzymes

20% - in a storage pool (haemosiderin, ferritin)

31
Q

The level of what can be a used as a good indicator of body iron stores?

A

Plasma ferritin level

32
Q

What are the 4 components of bile?

A
  • Water
  • Cholesterol
  • Bile salts
  • Bile pigments (bilirubin)
33
Q

What are the 3 causes of jaundice?

A
  • Excessive haemolysis
  • Severe hepatic injury
  • Obstructed bile flow
34
Q

What is meant by pathological calcification?

A

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts

35
Q

What are the 2 pathogenic phases of dystrophic calcification?

A

Initiation
- Intracellular: Ca accumulates in mitochondria of dying cells
- Extracellular: Initiated by the phospholipids in membrane bound vesicles
Propagation:
- Membrane facilitated calcification
- Ca binds to phospholipids in membrane which form groups

36
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Accumulation in normal tissues with hypercalcaemia

37
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Local accumulation in dying tissues, areas of necrosis

38
Q

Name 4 causes of hypercalcamia

A
  • Increased parathyroid hormone
  • Destruction of bone tissue
  • Vitamin D intoxication
  • Renal failure
39
Q

What is an amyloid?

A

A pathological proteinaceous substance deposited between cells

40
Q

Give examples of the most common amyloid proteins seen in veterinary medicine

A
  • AA: synthesised in the liver, no immunoglobulin
  • AL (amyloid light chain): derived from plasma cells
  • Beta amyloid protein
  • Islet amyloid protein
  • Transthyretin
41
Q

Compare primary and secondary amyloidosis

A

Primary - associated with immunocytic disorder

Secondary - complication of an underlying chronic inflammation

Y2 Pathology (33 decks)

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