Inflammation morphology Flashcards
What overall features are used to describe the morphology of inflammation?
- Degree: mild, moderate, severe
- Duration: acute, subacute, chronic
- Distribution
- Type
- Organ found
What duration would inflammation be if it lasted minutes to hours?
Peracute
Inflammation is chronic when it lasts how long?
From 2 days, to weeks, to months, even years
What is a focal distribution?
A single spot
What is a disseminated distribution?
Many evenly distributed spots
What is a locally extensive distribution?
A spread over a single are but not the whole tissue
Give some examples of the different types of inflammation
- Serous
- Fibrinous
- Suppurative
- Necrotising
What is the nomenclature for inflammation?
-itis (italics)
What is a serous inflammation?
Outpouring of thin fluid (transudate) from blood serum, secretion of mesothelial cells
e.g. peritoneal effusion = severe acute diffuse catarrhal peritonitis
What is fibrinous inflammation?
Exudation of serum and proteins -> clotted exudate
Found on mucosal and serosal surfaces, lungs, joints
Pneumonia is an example of which inflammation type?
Fibrinous - increased soft tissue opacity caused by the presence of inflammatory material within the alveoli
What is suppurative/purulent inflammation?
Inflammation dominated by neutrophils (pus)
What is pus?
Necrotic tissue, neutrophils and fibrin transformed into a yellowish mass by neutrophil enzymes
Define these specific purulent entities:
- Pustule
- Empyema
- Cellulitis
- Pus within the dermis/epidermis
- Pus within a pre-existing space
- Pus within a connective tissue
What is haemorrhagic inflammation?
Red blood cells induced into primary serous, fibrinous or suppurative exudate due to severely damaged blood vessels
Which type of inflammation often leads to ulcers?
Necrotising inflammation
What is chronic recurring inflammation ?
Chronic inflammation with acute bouts
What is an ulcer and where are they most commonly found?
Focal full-thickness defect in the epithelium/surface of an organ/tissue due to sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
- oral cavity, stomach, intestines, skin
When does granulomatous inflammation occur and which cell dominated it?
Occurs when the injurious agent cannot be phagocytosed and degraded easily
Dominated by macrophages
What are the steps leading to monocytes dominating granulomatous inflammation?
- antigen presentation via MHCII
- activation of CD4+ t-cell by cytokines
- recruitment and activation of monocytes
- further recruitment of lymphocytes
- further recruitment and activation of monocytes
Give some examples of granulomatous inflammation
- Tuberculosis
- Johnes disease
- Fungal granuloma
What is a granuloma?
A focal area of granulomatous inflammation, with an organised structure
Which cells are granulocytes?
Neutrophils and eosinophils
Which cells are on the periphery and centre of a granuloma?
Periphery = lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts Centre = Macrophages, epithelioid macrophages
What is a giant cell?
Multinucleated cells formed by epithelioid macrophages fusing together
