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Y2 Pathology > Glucose, electrolytes, urea and creatinine > Flashcards

Glucose, electrolytes, urea and creatinine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major sources of glucose?

A
  • Dietary absorption

- Liver production: Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Glucose metabolism is regulated by the balance between which 3 factors?

A
  • Glucose absorption
  • Insulin production
  • Insulin antagonists
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3
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose concs?

A
  • Promoting glucose uptake by the liver, skeletal muscle and fat
  • Inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • Promoting the formation and storage of liver glycogen
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4
Q

Which glucose transport protein facilitates glucose uptake into myocytes and adipocytes?

A

GLUT-4

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5
Q

Glucagon is secreted by which cells, in response to what?

A
  • Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

- In response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia

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6
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose concs?

A

Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and inhibiting hepatic glycogen synthesis

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7
Q

Plasma glucose should be collected into which type of tube?

A

Fluoride oxalate

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8
Q

What are the causes of hypoglycaemia?

A
  • Excessive glucose use
  • Reduced hepatic storage
  • Insufficient dietary intake
  • Excessive insulin or analogues
  • Lack of corticosteroids (Addisons disease)
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9
Q

What are the causes of hyperglycaemia?

A
  • After a meal
  • Catecholamines
  • Exogenous glucose administration
  • Insulin antagonism
  • Diabetes
  • Stress
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10
Q

What is glucosuria and what are the most common causes in dogs and cats?

A

Glucose present in urine

  • Diabetes in dogs
  • Adrenalin response in cats
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11
Q

How are glycated proteins formed and what is their main use?

A

Formed when glucose reacts irreversibly with the amino group on a protein
- Can be used to test for glucose alterations

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12
Q

What is fructosamine?

A

Irreversibly glycated albumin

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13
Q

How will the levels of blood glucose and fructosamine differ in a diabetic cat and a stressed cat?

A
  • Will have the same blood glucose levels

- Fructosamine levels will be much higher in the diabetic cat

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14
Q

The concentrations of which electrolytes are highest in the ECF?

A

Sodium and chloride

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15
Q

The concentrations of which electrolytes are highest in the ICF?

A

Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

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16
Q

The concentration of sodium is controlled through which mechanisms?

A
  • Thirst
  • Regulation of volaemia activation via the RAAS
  • Regulation of osmolarity via ADH release
17
Q

What is the term used to describe low levels of sodium in the blood?
What are the main causes of this?

A

Hyponatraemia

  • GI: vomiting, diarrhoea
  • Kidneys
  • Skin: burns, sweat
18
Q

Which factors activate the RAAS system?

A
  • Decreased BP
  • Decreased perfusion pressure
  • Renal ischaemia
  • Low sodium in DCT
  • Sympathetic stimulation
19
Q

Why do sodium ions need chloride?

A

To maintain electroneutrality

20
Q

In what instance will the levels of Na and Cl differ?

A

Vomiting of pure stomach contents
Hypochloridaemia without hyponatraemia
Gastric fluids are rich in HCL but not Na

21
Q

Which substance increases potassium ion excretion?

A

Aldosterone

22
Q

Potassium uptake is facilitated by which 3 factors?

A

Alkalosis
Insulin
Beta-agonists

23
Q

Calcium and phosphorus are regulated by which 3 factors?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Vitamin D3
  • Calcitonin
24
Q

Hypersecretion of PTH has what effects on calcium and phospohorus?

A

Causes hypercalcaemia and hypophosphatemia

25
Q

Hypervitaminosis D has what effects on calcium and phosphorus?

A

Hypercalcaemia

Hyperphosphatemia

26
Q

What is the function of urea and creatine?

A

Used as markers of renal function

- insensitive indicators

27
Q

Why are urea and creatine insensitive markers of renal function?

A

Azotaemia only becomes apparent when more than 75% of functional nephrons are already lost

28
Q

The rate of GFR is dependant on?

A

Blood pressure

29
Q

Which components of blood are not filtered by the nephron?

A

Cells
Proteins larger than albumin
Most lipoproteins

30
Q

Where and how is urea made?

A

In the liver
By the conversion of amino acids into ammonia by GI bacteria in the colon and caecum
By the urea cycle

31
Q

When do urea levels increase in blood?

A
  • When urine flow is decreased (decreased GFR)
  • High protein diet
  • Recent meal
32
Q

Compare azotaemia and uraemia

A 
Azotaemia = increase of creatine and/or urea
Uraemia = clinical syndrome resulting from the loss of kidney function
33
Q

What are the signs of the 3 types of azotaemia?

A

Prerenal - dehydration, decreased CO, decreased blood flow to kidneys, increased production
Renal - decreased functional nephrons
Post-renal - Urine leakage or blockage

34
Q

What are the signs of prerenal azotamia?

A
  • Very conc urine
  • Dehydration
  • Should response to fluid therapy
35
Q

What are the signs of renal azotaemia?

A

Inadequately conc urine - kidneys have lost or decreased their ability to conc urine
- doesn’t resolve with fluid therapy

Y2 Pathology (33 decks)

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