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Y2 Pathology > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of haematological abnormalities?

A
  • Pallor (pale appearance)
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Bleeding
  • Pyrexia
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2
Q

Which laboratory tests are used to help diagnose a haematological abnormality?

A
  • PCV
  • Blood counts
  • Blood smear evaluation
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3
Q

What sample is ideal for haematology?

A

Blood in an EDTA tube (anticoagulant)

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4
Q

Give examples of what needs to be avoided when processing a sample

A
  • inadequate mixing of specimen
  • clotted specimens
  • platelet clumps
  • diluted specimens
  • fatty specimens
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5
Q

The haematocrit is equal to?

A

PCV

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6
Q

A full blood count includes … ?

A
  • Total haemoglobin content
  • PCV
  • RBC count
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Platelet count
  • Total leucocyte count
  • Evaluation of a blood smear
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7
Q

What is measured by an erythrogram?

A
  • Total haemoglobin content
  • Haematocrit
  • RBC count
  • RBC indexes
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Red cell morphology on blood smear
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8
Q

What are 3 causes of anaemia?

A
  • Inadequate production by the bone marrow
  • Increased destruction
  • Increased loss of blood
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9
Q

What happens during blood loss anaemia?

A

Acute or chronic

  • Proportional loss of all blood cell components
  • Initial decrease of blood volume
  • Within a few hours there is activation of mechanisms to maintain volaemia
  • Influx of water from the extracellular space
  • Reduction of haematocrit and total protein
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10
Q

What are the causes of blood loss anaemia?

A
  • Haemorrhage

- Blood sucking parasite

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11
Q

How is acute blood loss compensated?

A

By bone marrow

- increased erythropoiesis and red cell mass

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12
Q

What follows chronic blood loss?

A

Iron deficiency

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13
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

RBC destruction

  • can be immune or non-immune mediated
  • both have intravascular and extravascular lysis
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14
Q

What are the mediators of extravascular haemolysis?

A

Macrophages in tissues and haemoglobin is metabolised by macrophages into bilirubin

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15
Q

Which type of haemolysis can produce haemoglobinuria (red urine)?

A

Intravascular

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16
Q

What are some causes of non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia?

A
  • ‘poisons’ e.g. onion, garlic, paracetamol in cats
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • mechanical damage
  • osmotic shock
17
Q

What is non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Bone marrow fails to respond to decreased oxygen carrying capacity

18
Q

If there is blood loss and haemolysis is the anaemia regerative?

A

Yes

19
Q

What are the signs of non-regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Primary bone marrow disease
20
Q

What is the most possible thing to evaluate to confirm regenerative anaemia?

A

Peripheral blood for the presence of juvenile red blood cells as we would expect their numbers to increase to compensate for the reduced RBC number

21
Q

High/low levels of RBCs and reticulocytes are indicators of?

A

Lower RBC = more severe anaemia

High erythrocyte = regenerative

22
Q

What is the reference interval for reticulocytes?

A

<60 x10^9/L

More than this = regenerative

23
Q

Define the following erythrocyte indexes:

  1. MCV
  2. MCHC
  3. MCH
A
  1. Mean corpuscular volume = average erythrocyte size
  2. Mean corpuscular Hb conc = average erythrocyte Hb concentration
  3. Mean corpuscular Hb = average amount of Hb per cell
24
Q

Which erythrocyte indexes are used to classify anaemia?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

Mean corpuscular Hb conc

25
Q

What are the 3 classes of anaemia?

A

Microcytic
Normocytic
Macrocytic

26
Q

What are microcytic anaemias most commonly due to?

A

Iron deficiency

27
Q

What are macrocytic anaemias most commonly due to?

A

Regenerative anaemia

28
Q

A raised mean corpuscular volume classifies which type of anaemia and why?

A

Macrocytic anaemia

- Presence of larger cells which are usually juvenile erythrocytes

29
Q

Microcytic anaemia is classified by which index and why?

A

Reduced mean corpuscular volume
- production of small erythrocytes, likely due to less haemoglobin available for erythropoiesis caused by iron deficiency

30
Q

The … and … of cells should be assessed on a blood smear at low power
Also assess the RBC and WBC … at a higher power

A

Density
Distribution
Morphology

31
Q

What are the 2 most common distribution abnormalities seen on a blood smear?

A
  • Agglutination

- Rouleaux formation

32
Q

What is rouleaux formation?

A

Stacking of RBCs due to increased plasma proteins coating RBCs
Can be caused by inflammation, cancer

33
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibody mediated ‘clumping’

34
Q

Agglutination is strongly supportive of which anaemia type?

A

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

35
Q

What is the general term for am abnormal shape?

A

Poikilocytosis

36
Q

What are two artefactual errors in blood smears?

A

Delay in making smears

Drying artefact in thick smears

Y2 Pathology (33 decks)

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