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Y2 Pathology > Proteins and lipids > Flashcards

Proteins and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Total protein is made up of which 2 proteins?

A

Albumin and globulins

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2
Q

Serum/plasma total protein can be measured by which 2 methods?

A

Refractometry or biuret method

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3
Q

What cells is albumin produced by?

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

Albumin acts as a carrier protein for which molecules?

A 
Bilirubin
Bile acids
Free fatty acids
Drugs
Hormones
Calcium
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5
Q

What is the half life of albumin in dogs and horses?

A 
Dogs = 8 days
Horses = 20 days
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6
Q

Which cells produce globulins?

A

B-lymphocytes

Plasma cells

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7
Q

Describe serum protein electrophoresis - which molecules do not travel very far

A

Separate protein electrophoresis into bands based on electrical charge and size of molecules
Antibodies are very large molecules with a lack of charge so do not travel far

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8
Q

What is the main cause of hyperalbuminaemia?

A

Dehydration

- can also be caused by inflammation

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9
Q

What other signs can be seen with hyperalbuminemia?

A
  • Increased PCV, RBC
  • Azotaemia
  • Increase in all proteins
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10
Q

Describe monoclonal hyperglobulinaemia

A

The production of a single type of immunoglobulin and is due to neoplasia

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11
Q

The amounts of which type of protein increase during inflammation?

A

Positive acute phase proteins e.g. fibrinogen

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12
Q

Give examples of negative acute phase proteins and when do their levels decrease?

A

Albumin

Decrease during inflammation

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of delayed response proteins

A

Immunoglobulins

Complement

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14
Q

Acute phase proteins are under the influence of which cytokines?

A

IL-1

IL-6

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15
Q

Which type of acute phase proteins levels increase fastest?

A

Positive acute phase proteins

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16
Q

Hyperfibrinogenaemia is caused by?

A

Inflammation

Dehydration

17
Q

Hypofibrinogenemia is caused by?

A

Decreased synthesis by the liver

Increased fibrinogen consumption

18
Q

Name 4 tests that an be affected by decreased fibrinogen consumption

A
  • PTT
  • PT
  • Fibrinogen conc
  • Total protein
19
Q

What is panhypoproteinemia?

A

Defined by low albumin and low globulin and therefore also low total protein

20
Q

What are the most common causes of a loss of protein?

A
  • Acute haemorrhage associated with anaemia

- GI loss (inflammatory bowel disease)

21
Q

What are the causes that lead to a decreased production of albumin, causing hypalbuminaemia?

A
  • Chronic liver disease: lack of hepatocytes to make albumin
  • Prolonger malnutrition
  • Maldigestion/malabsorption
22
Q

What are the causes that lead to an increased loss of albumin, causing hypalbuminaemia?

A
  • Kidney glomerular leakage of albumin
  • GI loss
  • Burns
23
Q

What is the main cause of hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Failure of passive transfer in neonates

- failure to nurse before foregut closes

24
Q

What are the two main lipids in the body?

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides

25
Q

How are lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol transported?

A

As lipoprotein complexes

Associated with specific proteins known as apolipoproteins

26
Q

Give some lipoprotein examples and what they deliver to cells/tissues?

A
  • Chylomicrons: dietary triglycerides to cells
  • VLDL: triglycerides made by the liver to cells
  • LDL: cholesterol to tissues
  • HDL: tissue cholesterol for elimination in bile
27
Q

Lipaemia is caused by an increase in?

A

Chylomicrons and VLDL’s

28
Q

What effect does lipaemia have on the morphology of plasma?

A

Makes it opaque

29
Q

What artefactual effects can lipaemia have?

A
  • Falsely high Hb value
  • Falsely high total protein
  • Unreliable fructosamine
  • Incorrect mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
  • Incorrect mean corpuscular haemoglobin
30
Q

Are chylomicrons low or high density?

A

Very low - lowest of the lipoproteins

31
Q

What are some differential diagnosis for hypertriglyceridemia?

A
  • Endocrine disease
  • Pancreatitis
  • Liver disease
  • Steroid administration
32
Q

What are some differential diagnosis for hypercholesterolaemia?

A
  • Diet
  • Endocrine disease
  • Hepatic disease
  • Steroid administration

Y2 Pathology (33 decks)

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