Urinalysis Flashcards
What are the 3 types of urine sampling?
- Voided/free catch: should be midstream
- Catheter sampling
- Cystocentesis sampling
Why does analysis need to be done rapidly?
- Cells disintegrate
- CO2 evaporates which raises pH
- Crystals form
- Bilirubin breaks down
- Bacteria grow, or die
The following colours of urine indicate what?
- Pale yellow-amber
- Red to red brown
- Dark yellow, brown, green
- Normal
- Haematuria, Haemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria
- Bilirubinuria
How can Haematuria, Haemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria be differentiated through further urinalysis?
Haematuria: - red, cloudy urine - clears on centrifuge - erythrocytes in sediment - urine red, plasma red Haemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria: - Red to brown urine - doesnt clear on centrifuge - no erythrocytes in sediment - urine red, plasma clear
What is myoglobin?
Haem protein which transports and stores oxygen within muscles
When is myoglobin released from muscles?
When there is membrane damage
What can be the cause of cloudy urine?
- Mucus
- Sperm
- Lipids
- Bacteria
- Crystalluria
How is USG determined?
Using a refractometer
What is USG?
A measure of the total solute concentration of the urine
Reflects the kidneys concentrating ability
Which test can be used to differentiate between renal and pre-renal azotaemia?
USG
What is the normal USG?
- Wide variation in normal USG depending on state of hydration
Which 3 factors can not be assessed using a dipstick?
- Leucocytes
- Nitrite
- USG
What is the normal pH range for dogs and cats?
5-7.5
What are the possible causes of acidic urine?
- Meat diet
- Metabolic or respiratory acidosis
- Protein catabolic states
What are the causes of ketones in urine?
Diabetes
Negative energy balance - neonates, starvation
