Neonatal immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Complete development of the immune system requires…?

A

Antigen stimulation

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2
Q

What is essential for all veterinary species in the first few weeks of life?

A

Passive transfer of immunity from mother to newborn

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3
Q

What is the first foetal lymphoid structure?

A

Thymus

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4
Q

What develops at the same time as antibody production?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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5
Q

Following development of the thymus put the following in order of their foetal development:

  • Peyer’s patches
  • Lymph nodes
  • Bone marrow, spleen
  • Complement
  • Blood lymphocytes
A
  • Blood lymphocytes
  • Bone marrow, spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Complement
  • Peyer’s patches
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6
Q

What is the role of maternal hormones?

A

At birth they promote anti-inflammatory phenotype

- short lived

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7
Q

What are the 2 common infections that can occur during pregnancy?

A
  • BVDV = bovine viral diarrhoea virus

- Neospora caninum

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8
Q

How do they effects of Neospora caninum change throughout the 3 pregnancy trimesters?

A

1st - absorption of mummified foetus
2nd - abortion
3rd - live calf with congenital infection

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9
Q

What are the two strains of BVD?

A

Non-cytopathic - doesn’t kill cells

Cytopathic - kills cells

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10
Q

Neonatal immunity is always what type of response?

A

Primary

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11
Q

Compare the Transfer of immunity to offspring in:

  • dogs/cats
  • ruminants, pigs, horses
A
  • 5% placental, 95% colostral

- 100% colostral

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12
Q

How does colostrum provide immunity?

A

Active transfer of Igs from blood to mammary gland under hormonal influence

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13
Q

What is the main colostrum antibody?

A

IgG

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14
Q

As colostrum changes to milk get reduced IgG content, proportionally more … ?

A

IgA

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15
Q

What are important considerations surrounding the transfer of colostrum?

A
  • Essential it happens in the first few hours of life
  • Colostrum ingested and passes into GI tract where enzyme levels are low/blocked so that proteins can reach small intestine
  • Newborns have a specialised Fc receptor on intestinal epithelial (only for up to 24 hours)
  • In GI tract, Igs are bound, actively pinocytosed and quickly reach lymphatics and circulation
  • So, in first few hours of life, newborn receives large amount of Igs from mother – rapidly seen in plasma Ig levels as maternally derived antibodies (MDA)
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16
Q

As well as antibodies, colostrum also contains?

A

Growth factors (cytokines) and other hormones

17
Q

Compare how maternal antibodies are absorbed in:
- horse and pig
vs
- ruminants

A
  • IgG and IgM selectively absorbed to blood; IgA stays in intestine
  • All Igs go into blood
18
Q

How are calves adapted for readily colostrum intake?

A
  • have an oesophageal groove at birth (for 20 days)

- this diverts colostrum and milk straight into the abomasum, avoiding the rumen and omasum

19
Q

When do peak levels of Igs happen?

A

12-24 hours after birth

20
Q

Why do very serious infections result in Ig deficit situations?

A

Because:

  • IgG prevents septicaemia
  • IgA prevents enteric disease
21
Q

Failure of passive transfer can occur due to failure of?

A
  • Production
  • Ingestion
  • Absorption
22
Q

What is measured to determine if there has been a failure of passive transfer?

A

Serum IgG

23
Q

How is FPT treated?

A
  • Additional colostrum, only up to 15 hours old

- IV plasma when over 15 hours

24
Q

Why do Non-suckled calves make antibodies sooner than suckled calves?

A

Maternally derived antibodies inhibit antibody production

25
Q

What needs to be considered when vaccinating young animals?

A
  • MDA inhibit neonatal Ig synthesis
  • Prevent successful vaccination in young animals
  • Need to wait until there are low levels of passive antibody (10-12 weeks)