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vaccin Flashcards

1
Q

A vaccine is

A

Something that stimulates the immune system, without causing serious harm or side effects

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2
Q

Aim of immunisation

A

to provoke immunological memory to protect individual against a particular pathogen if they later encounter it

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3
Q

Features of an ideal vaccine

A 
Completely safe
Easy to administer
Single dose, needle-free
Cheap
Stable
Active against all variants
Life-long protection
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4
Q

what are the single most cost-effective tool we have for improving health

A

Vaccines

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5
Q

3 areas that vaccine work towards

A

Prevention of Entry
Killing infected cells
Boosting Immune Response

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6
Q

2 methods of Prevention of Entry

A

Antibody: Blocks Entry by binding onto the virus and nuetrilising
Macrophage: Engulfs Pathogen by opsinisation

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7
Q

how do they boost Immune Response

A

antigens recognised by CD4 T cells
programmed to boost other areas of immune response e.g. train CD8 cells to kill infected cells or make with b cells to make better antibodies

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8
Q

what is R0

A

Basic reproduction number

The number of cases one case generates on average over the course of their infectious period

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9
Q

what happens if R0 < 1

A

the infection will die out in the long run

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10
Q

what happens if If R0 > 1

A

the infection will be able to spread in a population.

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11
Q

how do vaccine reduce r0

A

immunise people, fewer people become infected after first wave

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12
Q

what Sustained

transmission

A

Transmitting

case infect Susceptible and they infect other people who infect other people ect

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13
Q

how do vaccine cause the Transmission terminated

A

Transmitting people meet immune people who won’t pass it on- herd immunity

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14
Q

what are the forms an antigen is in in a vaccine

A 
Inactivated Protein e.g. Tetanus toxoid
Recombinant protein e.g. Hep B
Live Attenuated Pathogen e.g. Polio/ BCG
Dead Pathogen e.g. Split Flu vaccine
Carbohydrate e.g. 
S. pneumoniae
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15
Q

what else is in a vaccine

A

Adjuvant, normally alum, sometimes something proprietary
Stabilising stuff (e.g. Buffers – PBS)
Water

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16
Q

what are Inactivated Toxoid Vaccines

A

Chemically inactivated form of toxin

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17
Q

how do they work

A

Induces antibody, (antibody blocks the toxin from binding the nerves in tenus)

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18
Q

Advantages

A

Cheap, well characterised, safe, in use for many decades

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19
Q

Disadvantages

A

Requires good understanding of biology of infection, not all organisms encode toxins.

20
Q

how do the Recombinant Protein Vaccines work

A

induces classic neutralising antibodies

21
Q

what is a Recombinant Protein Vaccine

A

recombinant protein from pathogen

22
Q

advantages

A

Pure, safe

23
Q

disadvantage

A

Relatively expensive, not very immunogenic, has not proved to be answer to all pathogens

24
Q

difference between recombinat protien vaccien and Inactivated Toxoid Vaccines

A

Recombinant Protein Vaccines are made differently

isolated gene from one organism and moved to another organism

25
recombinant protein vaccine and Inactivated Toxoid Vaccines work well against what
protein antigens
26
what is the problem with bacterial coats
Bacterial often have a capsule This is made of polysaccharide Which is not very good at inducing a B cell response (it is a T independent antigen)
27
how do Conjugate Vaccines
Polysaccharide coat component is coupled to an immunogenic “carrier” protein t cell recognise the protein part and the b cells recognise the sugar part of the protein allowing them to communicate Protein enlists CD4 help to boost B cell response to the polysaccharide e they connect (or conjugate) the polysaccharides to antigens that the immune system responds to very well. This linkage helps the immature immune system react to the coating and develop an immune response
28
advantages
Improves immunogenicity, highly effective at controlling bacterial infection
29
disadvantages
Cost carrier protein interference, very strain specific, polysaccharide alone is poorly immunogenic
30
Dead Pathogen Vaccines differnce from everyother vaccine
Rather than using a single antigen, it is chemically killed pathogen
31
how
Induces antibody and T cell responses
32
advtg
Leaves antigenic components intact and in context of other antigen. Immunogenic because of the inclusion of other components. Cheap. Quick.
33
Disadvantages
Fixing/ killing can alter chemical structure of antigen. Quite “dirty”. Requires the capacity to grow the pathogen Vaccine induced pathogenicity a risk. Risk of contamination with live pathogen (Polio), not happened since 1953
34
Live Attenuated Vaccines
similar looking pathogen but doesn't cause infection | Pathogens are attenuated by serial passage. This leads to a loss of virulence factors.
35
how it works
Because they replicate in situ they trigger the innate response and boost the immune response
36
Advantages
Induce a strong immune response. Can induce a local immune response in the site where infection might occur
37
Disadvantages
Can revert to virulence Can infect immunocompromised Attenuation may lose key antigens Can be competed out by other infections.
38
Adjuvants
boost immune response induce ‘danger signals’ that activate dendritic cells to present antigen to T cells Part of licensing the response Adjuvant stimulates the DC DC uptakes antigen and moves to Lymph node Upregulates stimulatory signalling and cytokines
39
definition of adjuvant
Substances used in combination with a specific antigen that produced a more robust immune response than the antigen alone.
40
Why do we need New Vaccines?
``` Changing (aging) Demographics Changing Environment New Diseases Old Diseases we still can’t fix Antibiotic Resistance ```
41
barriers to future vaccine
Scientific Challenges Injection Safety Logistics/ Cold Chain (difficulty accessing vaccine) Development Issues (Time, Cost) Cost of the product Public expectation of risk-free vaccines High Variation of the target organism
42
High Variation of the target organism
Virus mutates and evolves | a wide range of antigens
43
serotype
one viral strain recognised by one family of antibodies
44
phases of clinical trials
p1) drug approved for testing humans p2) safety and efficacy studies p3) regulatory agencies review/approval.
45
how vaccine are introduced
Recommendations for vaccine policy (JCVI) Vaccine policy decisions (DH) Licensing of vaccine(MHRA) Purchase of vaccine Control of vaccine (including batch release) (NIBSC) Post licensure assessment and changes PHE/ JCVI (Epidemiology, assessment, trials)
46
what are scheduling considertaions
``` Aim Need Scheduling with other vaccines Availability Cost Population accessibility Cultural attitudes and practices Facilities available for delivery ```
47
The issue is sometimes when proteins are synthesised, they may fold differently which means the vaccine would be ineffective.
The issue is sometimes when proteins are synthesised, they may fold differently which means the vaccine would be ineffective.

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