histap

Question 1

what does a histopathologist deal with

Answer 1

tissue

Question 2

what does a cytopathologist deal with

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

what is a biopsy

Answer 3

small sections of tissues that are removed from the patient

primarily used to make diagnoses

Question 4

how to preserve them

Answer 4

typically placed in a formalin solution which preserves the tissues by cross-linking proteins

Question 5

then how to prepare them for microscopy

Answer 5

embedded in paraffin wax to allow very thin sections (2-3μm thick) to be cut by an instrument known as a microtome. These are mounted on a glass microscope slide for further preparation prior to analysis.

Question 6

which stain to use for staining cytoplasm and nuclei

Answer 6

h and e

Question 7

which stain to use for acid fast bacteria

Answer 7

Ziehl-Neelsen
red
aiding in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection

Question 8

function of a fine needle

Answer 8

used to get into a lesion and suck out (aspirate) the cells which can then be analysed as for a smear

Question 9

benefits of a fine needle

Answer 9

penetrate relatively inaccessible tissues e.g. a thyroid nodule and assess the suspect mass without the need for surgery.

Question 10

bad part of fine needle

Answer 10

only looking at cells and is unable to comment upon the likely architecture of the tissue.

Question 11

name the process in which manufactured antibodies specifically detect moleclus

Answer 11

histochemistry

Question 12

where do many of the attachtemnts of on the enzyme take place

Answer 12

fc region

called conjugations

Question 13

name the conjunctions

Answer 13

enzymes
fluorescent probe
magnetic beads
drugs

Question 14

what does the Fluorescent probes do

Answer 14

These can allow the rapid measurement of the levels of molecules within a sample.

Question 15

what is multiplexing

Answer 15

sevreal antibodies with differnt fluorescent

so you can detect moleculues in a sample

Question 16

when is it important

Answer 16

precious and in small volume

Question 17

what does Magnetic beads do

Answer 17

the purification of cell types.

Question 18

what can Drugs do

Answer 18

kadcyla, an anti-HER2antibody linked to the cytotoxic chemicalemtansine.

Question 19

what does kadylca trear

Answer 19

metastatci bc

Question 20

do antigens only test for protien

Answer 20

no,

carb and lipids

Question 21

what are the 2 methods of detection

Answer 21

direct - primary antibody

indirect - secondary antibody

Question 22

uses of manafactured antibodies

Answer 22

blood group seroly
immunoassays- detection of hormone or circulating antibodies/antigen
immunodiagnosis - infectious disease

determine levels of molecules in clincial sample

Question 23

whats elisa

Answer 23

enzymw linked immuno sorbent assay

Question 24

what happens in it

Answer 24

Clinical samples (e.g. adheres to a plastic plate

Probe with specific antibody raised against the molecule of interest.

Enzyme conjugation generates a coloured product.

Reference to standard curve (MBC - Haemoglobin) determine precise concentrations of the molecule in the sample.

Question 25

what is flow cytometry

Answer 25

detection of specific cells mainly lymphcoytes

Question 26

how it working

Answer 26

has flurocesnt conjagated antibodies
specific for antigen of luekocyte
in diff colours
Run as a stream of single cells through a laser beam (s).

Colour of light emitted and the forward or side scatter of the laser beam denotes theidentityof the cell surface molecules expressed and thesizeandgranularityof the cells.

Question 27

what are R​esection specimens

Answer 27

taken from tissue that has been removed as part of a surgical procedure and can be processed as for a biopsy.

Question 28

what are they used to look for

Answer 28

look at the stage the disease

Question 29

what is a frozen section

Answer 29

taken during surgical procedures and are are examined by pathologists in real time

Question 30

what happens in a frozen section

Answer 30

The freshly taken tissue is frozen by a machine known as a cryostat, cut then mounted on glass slides and stained as for biopsies. The procedure can give a rapid diagnosis in minutes which can be relayed back to the surgeon to inform the surgery