histap Flashcards
what does a histopathologist deal with
tissue
what does a cytopathologist deal with
cells
what is a biopsy
small sections of tissues that are removed from the patient
primarily used to make diagnoses
how to preserve them
typically placed in a formalin solution which preserves the tissues by cross-linking proteins
then how to prepare them for microscopy
embedded in paraffin wax to allow very thin sections (2-3μm thick) to be cut by an instrument known as a microtome. These are mounted on a glass microscope slide for further preparation prior to analysis.
which stain to use for staining cytoplasm and nuclei
h and e
which stain to use for acid fast bacteria
Ziehl-Neelsen
red
aiding in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection
function of a fine needle
used to get into a lesion and suck out (aspirate) the cells which can then be analysed as for a smear
benefits of a fine needle
penetrate relatively inaccessible tissues e.g. a thyroid nodule and assess the suspect mass without the need for surgery.
bad part of fine needle
only looking at cells and is unable to comment upon the likely architecture of the tissue.
name the process in which manufactured antibodies specifically detect moleclus
histochemistry
where do many of the attachtemnts of on the enzyme take place
fc region
called conjugations
name the conjunctions
enzymes
fluorescent probe
magnetic beads
drugs
what does the Fluorescent probes do
These can allow the rapid measurement of the levels of molecules within a sample.
what is multiplexing
sevreal antibodies with differnt fluorescent
so you can detect moleculues in a sample
when is it important
precious and in small volume
what does Magnetic beads do
the purification of cell types.
what can Drugs do
kadcyla, an anti-HER2antibody linked to the cytotoxic chemicalemtansine.
what does kadylca trear
metastatci bc
do antigens only test for protien
no,
carb and lipids
what are the 2 methods of detection
direct - primary antibody
indirect - secondary antibody
uses of manafactured antibodies
blood group seroly
immunoassays- detection of hormone or circulating antibodies/antigen
immunodiagnosis - infectious disease
determine levels of molecules in clincial sample
whats elisa
enzymw linked immuno sorbent assay
what happens in it
Clinical samples (e.g. adheres to a plastic plate
Probe with specific antibody raised against the molecule of interest.
Enzyme conjugation generates a coloured product.
Reference to standard curve (MBC - Haemoglobin) determine precise concentrations of the molecule in the sample.
what is flow cytometry
detection of specific cells mainly lymphcoytes
how it working
has flurocesnt conjagated antibodies
specific for antigen of luekocyte
in diff colours
Run as a stream of single cells through a laser beam (s).
Colour of light emitted and the forward or side scatter of the laser beam denotes theidentityof the cell surface molecules expressed and thesizeandgranularityof the cells.
what are Resection specimens
taken from tissue that has been removed as part of a surgical procedure and can be processed as for a biopsy.
what are they used to look for
look at the stage the disease
what is a frozen section
taken during surgical procedures and are are examined by pathologists in real time
what happens in a frozen section
The freshly taken tissue is frozen by a machine known as a cryostat, cut then mounted on glass slides and stained as for biopsies. The procedure can give a rapid diagnosis in minutes which can be relayed back to the surgeon to inform the surgery
