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immuno and infection Flashcards

1
Q

4 pathogen niches during infection

A

Extracellular
Intracellular vacuolar (can be spaces like lysosome or ER, stay within a compartment)
Surface adherent
Intracellular cytosolic

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2
Q

How does an immune response to infection start?

A 
Tissue damage (e.g. injury)
 Molecular detection of microbes – wrong thing in the wrong place at the wrong time!
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3
Q

what happens after detection

A

Inter-cellular communication (e.g. interleukins)

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4
Q

what happens after communication

A

Priming the adaptive immune response

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5
Q

how does an immune response to infection end?

4

A

Clearing infection
Stopping inflammatory cytokine production
Repairing tissue damage
Remembering the infection – immune memory!

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6
Q

what is Innate immunity

A

Fast acting, first line of defence, germline encoded receptors

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7
Q

what is Adaptive immunity

A

Slower but long-lasting, variable receptors that mature over time (DNA recombination)

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8
Q

components of innate immunity

A

Physical barriers:
Skin, mucous, epithelial cells

Humoral:
Complement, Lectins (collectins, ficolins), Pentraxins, Antimicrobial peptides

Cellular:
Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural Killer (NK)-cells

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9
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral:
Antibodies (immunoglobulins of various types)
Complement

Cellular:
Cytotoxic T-cells, T helper cells, T regulatory cells, B lymphocytes & Plasma cells

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10
Q

in vs ac in specificty

A

in- broad e.g. structures that are shared by classes
only recognise about 1000 molecular patters

ac- more specific and only specific, antigens
recognise 10^7 antigens

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11
Q

receptors in in vs ad

A

in- encoded in germline

ad- encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments, greater diversity

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12
Q

types of receptors- in vs ad

A

in- less than 100
ad- 2 imunnoglobins and tcr
but million if variations of each

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13
Q

clone able - in vs ad

A

in- no

ad- can clone

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14
Q

discrimination between self and non self

A

in- yes healthy host cells non recognised
ad- yes based on elimination of self reactive lymphocytes
but can be impaired

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15
Q

differences between both immune systems

A 
Timing of the response
Cell types 
Receptors & ligands
Cytokines & chemokines
Molecular effector machineries
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16
Q

sequence of molecular & cellular events

A 
Microbial molecules 
V
Detection/Ligands or activities  
V 
Naïve host-cells
V 
Gene-expression changes/encodes new protiens
V 
Signal transduction (send signal to neignbouring cells to become activated

antimicrobial molecules to fight infection

signals that act autocrine to specilise and activate host to become better)

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17
Q

First responders to injury

A

Neutrophils are the first to respond (short-lived, ~6 h), followed by macrophages

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18
Q

function of nutrophil

A

nuetrophil control infection and limit/repair tissue damage

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19
Q

Uncontrolled activities of phagocytes is not good

why

A

Granulomas
Excessive inflammation & inappropriate adaptive immunity
Tissue damage

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20
Q

Immune response to bacteria that is live

A

nflammatory cytokines
Antimicrobial genes
Metabolic genes
Immunomodulatory genes

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21
Q

what to molecules that are released by live bacteria (which IL)

A

MATURE IL B

22
Q

Immune response to bacteria that is dead

A

Resolution of inflammation

23
Q

what is unique to fungi

A

beta glucan

24
Q

recognised by what

A

dectin 1

25
Q

signialling by what

A

SRC tyrosine kinase

26
Q

causes what

A

Proinflammatory cytokines
Antimicrobial genes
Metabolic genes
Immunomodulatory genes

27
Q

how are viruses recognised

A

by rna or dna viral genetic information

28
Q

what is relased

A

Interferon production
Proinflammatory cytokines
Antiviral genes
Immunomodulatory genes

29
Q

what happens when macrophages they are activated

A

expression of new genes

Induced by microbes & cytokines

30
Q

what di activated macrophages display

A 
Phagocytosis & Migration 
Cytokine/chemokine production
Expression of cell surface molecules
Antimicrobial activity
Antigen presentation  & T cell activation
31
Q

how do macrophages and lympocytes communicate

A

macrophage can produce cytokine that cause t cells ti produce other cytokine helping macrophages to deal pathogens better

32
Q

when are interferons produced

A

Detection of viruses or Gram-negative bacteria

33
Q

what do interferons do

A

Interferons promote antiviral defence

Interferons are special cytokines

34
Q

every type of cell csn produce which tupe of cytokines

A

interferon 1

35
Q

Immunomodulatory roles

of interferons

A

Enhanced T-cell responses
Anti-inflammatory actions
Tissue repair

36
Q

Virus-infected cells are killed by the actions of

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or Natural Killer (NK) cells

37
Q

do CTLs and NK cells directly kill infected cells (contact-dependent)

A

yes

38
Q

what about intracellular

A

Host cells infected with intracellular bacterial pathogens also undergo forms of cell death (contact-independent)

39
Q

name 2 antimicrobial enzymes

A

phagocyte oxidase

iNOS

40
Q

what does phagoyte oxidase produce

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

41
Q

iNOC

A

nitric oxide

42
Q

what do both do

A

kill microbes

43
Q

when are the genes expressed

A

when they are activated not naive

44
Q

Type I & III interferons promote

A

antiviral responses
Inhibitors of virus entry & exit
Inhibitors of viral uncoating and replication
Inhibitors of protein translation

45
Q

Type II interferon promotes

A

antibacterial immunity

46
Q

t cell activataion

A

Activated macrophages and DCs present antigens in combination with MHC-I or MHC-II to T cells

Cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells produce a suitable milieu for T-cell activation
E.g. IL-12 promotes T-cell replication

T cells provide cytokines that activate phagocytes
E.g. IFNγ upregulates MHC-II expression for antigen presentation

Responses are specific to general class of pathogens

47
Q

what are t helper cells

A

T cells help B cell produce antibodies

48
Q

when are th1 normoally seen

A

intracellular bacterial infections

49
Q

Broad classification of T cell functions

A

Phagocyte activation
Enhanced killing of pathogens
Inflammation

Direct killing of infected cells
Removal of replicative niches

B cell activation
Antibody production & affinity maturation

Innate lymphoid cells/γδ T cells
A type of early responders (MHC independent actions)

50
Q

how long does teh innate immunity stay for

A

12 hours

51
Q

how long does the adaptive immunity take place for

A

from 12 hours plus

52
Q

why does teh immune rsponse get wekaer as you get older

A

as thymic output decrase se

and t cells are made from the thymus

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