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l1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is Adaptive immunity

A

Protects us from repeat infections with the same pathogens

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity IMPROVES WHAT

A

Improves the efficacy of the innate immune response

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3
Q

what does it foucs on

A

Focuses a response on the site of infection and the organism responsible

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4
Q

what is its key fetaure

A

Has memory

Once the immune system has recognised and responded to an antigen, it exhibits “memory”

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5
Q

the drawback

A

Needs time to develop

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6
Q

the memory is more or less rapid

A

Memory responses are characterised by a more rapid and heightened immune reaction that serves to eliminate pathogens fast and prevent diseases.

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7
Q

basis of what

A

Memory responses are characterised by a more rapid and heightened immune reaction that serves to eliminate pathogens fast and prevent diseases.

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8
Q

is it long lived

A

yes

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9
Q

The two types of Adaptive immune response

A

The ‘cell-mediated’ Response

The ‘humoral’ Response

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10
Q

The ‘cell-mediated’ Response

function

A

T Cells
Two roles:
Produce cytokines to help shape immune response (CD4)
Kill infected cells (CD8)

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11
Q

The ‘humoral’ Response

function

A

Produce Antibody

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12
Q

Epitope

A

The region of an antigen which the receptor binds to.

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13
Q

T cells recognise what

A

linear epitopes
in the context of MHC
primary structure

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14
Q

Antibodies recognise

A

Structural Epitopes

folding/teriarty

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15
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

multiple copies of the same cell

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16
Q

To deal with antigen diversity we need to

A

encode a massive Repertoire of lymphocytes receptors

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17
Q

Antigen receptor diversity is generated by

A

recombination

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18
Q

Functional genes for antigen receptors do not exist until they

A

are generated during lymphocyte development

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19
Q

Each BCR receptor chain

is encoded by

A

separate multigene families on different chromosomes

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20
Q

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

A

During B cell maturation these gene segments are rearranged and brought together

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21
Q

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement generates

A

diversity of the lymphocyte repertoire

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22
Q

The variable region made by

A

gene reassortment

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23
Q

MHC

A

plays a central role in defining self and not self

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24
Q

function of mhc

A

Presents antigens to T cells

Critical in surgery- and donor matching

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25
Q

MHC class I expressed by

A

all nucleated cells, although at various levels

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26
Q

structure og mhcI

A

Has a single variable alpha chain plus a common beta-microglobulin

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27
Q

MHC class II: normally only on

A

“professional” antigen presenting cells.

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28
Q

structure

A

Has 2 chains, alpha and beta

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29
Q

what is mhc coded by

A

HLA genes

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30
Q

Expression

A

is co-dominant

polygenic

31
Q

CD8 molecule binds to

A

MHCI

32
Q

and cd4

A

MHCII

33
Q

MHCI only process antigens from

A

Intracellular pathogen/antigen

34
Q

procseed where

A

Cytosol

35
Q

MCHII processess what

A

Extracellular pathogen/ Antigen

36
Q

where

A

Endosomes

37
Q

T Helper cells produce

A

cytokines (a family of inflammatory mediators).

38
Q

Cytokines have and influence

A

diverse actions on a wide range of cells

Cytokines influence the outcome of the immune response

39
Q

Th1

A

Pro-Inflammatory

Boost Cellular Immune Response

40
Q

Th2

A

Pro-Allergic

41
Q

Th17

A

Pro Inflammatory

Control Bacterial and Fungal Infection

42
Q

thF

A

MAKE BETTER ANTIBODIES

43
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kills how

A

targets by programmed cell death = apoptosis

44
Q

what do granzymes do

A

cd8 makes pore
injects granzymes
cell death

45
Q

perforin function

A

Perforin molecules polymerise, form pores

46
Q

what do cd8 store

A

store perforin, granzymes

47
Q

how cd8 scan

and virus exposes itself

A

In uninfected cells, MHCI molecules show self peptides
The CD8 cell scans cells, looking for non-self MHC. Not finding any, it does nothing.
A virus infects the cell and releases its contents
The cell now starts making viral proteins
It displays these as non-self MHC
The CD8 cells detects the non-self MHC and attacks
The CD8 cell kills the virally infected cell

48
Q

3 key features of b cell

A

Make Antibody
Recognise soluble antigen
Need help from other sources to produce antibody (normally T cells)

49
Q

strcuture of antibodies

A

Y
have 2 heavy abd 2 light chain
constant and variable region- how it recognises diff antigens

50
Q

3 Core protective roles:

A

Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Complement activation

51
Q

Neutralisation

A

binds to active site on bac or virus preventing it having its function response e.g. stop entering

52
Q

Opsonisation

A

make it more atrractive to bieng phagocyosis of macrophages

53
Q

Complement activation

A

cascade of events leading to death of anything that the antibody is bound to

54
Q

what defines the class

A

constant region

55
Q

how many classess

A

5

56
Q

igG

A

high opsonization and nuetrilisation

4 subclasses

57
Q

IgM

A

produces first upon antigen invasion

58
Q

IgA

A

expressed in mucousal tissue forming dimers after secreation

59
Q

IgD

A

unknown function

60
Q

IgE

A

involved in allergy

61
Q

Memory B cells

A

ready to prevent repeat infections

62
Q

The BCR made from

A

Surface bound antibody – encodes the antibody the cell will make
same antibody that is secreated

63
Q

BCR have a unique binding site which bind to a portion of the antigen called

A

antigenic determinant or epitope

64
Q

when is it made

A

before the cell ever encounters antigen

65
Q

how many identical copies of bcr

A

thousounds

66
Q

b vs t

A

b dont need anything to present antigen

67
Q

Naïve antigen-specific lymphocytes (B or T) cannot be activated byantigen alone

A

antigen alone

Naïve B cells require accessory signal

68
Q

what are the accessory signal

A

Directly from microbial constituents

From a T helper cell

69
Q

How is antibody production by B cells achieved?

A

Thymus-dependent Thymus-independent

70
Q

Thymus-independent antigens

A

Directly activate B cells without the help of T cells
Only IgM
No memory

71
Q

STRCTURE

A

Often polysaccharide, needs to have a repetitive structure, e.g. bacterial surface sugars

72
Q

The second signal required is provided by

A

microbial PAMP, e.g. LPS

73
Q

Thymus-dependent

process of t cell activating b cells

A

B cell activation by T cells
The membrane bound BCR recognises antigen
The receptor-bound antigen is internalised and degraded into peptides
Peptides associate with “self” molecules (MHC class II) and is expressed at the cell surface
This complex is recognised by matched CD4 T helper cell
B cell activated

74
Q

dc vs b

A

dc more broad in terms of antigen

Extra (45 decks)

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