hns 2 Flashcards
Functions of the neck
Structural – supports and moves the head
Visceral functions – contains the airway and oesophagus, digestive and respirarty system
Conduit for blood vessels & nerves
whats fascia
connective tissue composed of connective fibres, organises body in diffrent comparments
permits spread of infections within compartments
pretracheal fascia function
sorounds viscreal components of neck
digestive, repsiraty system
corotid sheath
sorounds blood vessels
prevertebral fascia
sorounds muscles
what can you find in the pretacheal fascia
osephagus, trachea and thyroid
what is within the invetsing fascia
sternocleidomastoid muscle
what is within the carotid sheath
you can see the jungular vein
common coritid artery
vagus nerve
what are the triangles of the neck
anterior and posterior triangles
what does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do
divides teh neck in the two muscles
what muscles surround the posterior triangle
and theclast part
trapezuis muscle (posterior) sternocleidomastoid (anterior) clavicle on the bottom
what does teh anterior triangle contain
muscle blood vessels (corotid arteries)
what does the posterior triangle contain
Mainly blood vessels and nerves:
what do the external and internal coritid artery supply
external = face internal = brain
what does teh maxillary division supply
the meninges
what are the 3 types of muscles making up the facial muscles
orbital
nasal
oral
what are they controlled by
cranial nerve 7
what do the orbital muscles control
eyelids
aurical muscles control what
ear
where does the cranial nerve divide up
parotid gland
what joins the mandible and temparol bone
TMJ
what are the 2 projection of the mandible
condylar process
coronoid process
function of TMJ
allowing chewing (mastication)
what are the muscles that control mastication
muscle of mastication
what CN are they controlled by
CN 5
when the jaw is slighty open, what predominates
a hinge action
what happens when the jaw is open fully
a hinge and gliding action occur
when the jaw moves forward
protrusion
when the mandible moves backwards
retraction
up
elevation
doen
depression
what 2 muscles causes the movement
Masseter
Temporalis
what does the Temporalis muscle cause
elevates and retracts mandible
Masseter cause
elevates mandible (allows forced closure of mouth)
what are teh 2 deeper musces controlling teh mandible
lateral and medial pteryoid muscle
what does the lateral pteryoid muscle do
attached to sphenoid and mandible
depress and protract madible when opening mouth
medial pm
bring elevation and protraction
side to side used for grinding
what does the orbit contain
eyeball
muscle moving eye
optic nerve
other nerve and vessel r
what 4 walls make up the orbit
roof
floor
lateral
medial
what makes up the roof
orbital plate of frontal bone
floor
orbitl plate of maxilla
medial
ethmoid and lacrimal bone
lateral
zygoma
what are the 3 fissures in the eye
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Optic canal
what passes through the SOf
CN 3, 4 6
optic canal
optic nerve (II) and ophthalmic artery
Inferior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve (V2) and infraorbital vessels
what moves the eye
Extraocular muscles
what are the 4 rectus/straight muscles
Medial
rectus
Lateral
rectus
Inferior
rectus
Superior
rectus
what are the 2 oblique msucles
superior and inferior oblique
what is teh common origin of the rectus muscles
Common
tendinous
ring
what are they mainly supplied by
CN3
what is teh exception
lateral rectus CN6
what muscle moves the eyelid
Levator palpebrae
superioris
where does the lr move teh eye
latreally
mr
medially
ir
medially and iferiorly
sr
superior and medially
s oblique
down and out
io
superior and lateraly
how to test the lateral rectis
ask a person to look laterally
mr
look toward the nose
sr
look outwards then upwards
ir
look outwards then downwards
what does adducted mean
look towards the nose
so test
look doen towards your nose
io
from the last position look up in the corner
CN 3 function
alter size of pupil
alter thikness lense
trigeminal nerves
v1 opthalmic division
v2 maxillary
v3 madibular
what do the sympathetic
pupil dialate
what can parasypathetic do by using smooth msucle
change thickness of lense
Carvernous sinus is important why
many structure passing through it
spread of infection through it to the cranial cavity
Lacrimal system
production movement and drianage of fluid from the eye
where is the lacrimal gland located
super lateral quadtant, corner of eyelid away from nose
where is the fluid drained from
the pink part in the corner of the eye
the lacrimal receives parasympathetic secretor motor fibres from where
CN 7
how does excess fluid drained
into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
what are bones that stick out into teh nasal cavity called
conchea
superior
middle
inferior
what are teh structures inbetween the conchea called
meatus
superior ( between the superior and middle concha)
middle inferior
what is the function of the conchea
increase surface area
warm humidify air
trap pathogen
what 3 cranial nerves are innervated in the nasal cavity
Olfactory nerve (I) Olfaction
Trigeminal nerve (V) General sensation - V1 – anterior region, V2 – posterior region
Facial nerve (VII) Glands via parasympathetic fibres
Sympathetic nerves (from T1) Vascular smooth muscle
function of rich blood supply
humidify and change tempreture of air
what is the arteriole supply by
internal carotid artery
external carotid artey
risk pf infection from nasal to cranial cavity
soem of teh blood vessels that drain the nasal cavity pass through the cavernous sinus into cranial cavity
what are the 4 Paranasal sinuses
frontal
ethmoid aur cells
spheniod
maxillary
function
reduce weight of the skull act as crumple zone in case of facial trauma increase resonance of the voice humidify and warm air mucous secreating sinuses
how do they recieve sensory innervation
trigeminal nerve
frontal sinuses
v1
e a s
v1 v2
sphenoid
v1 c2
m
v2
what is the outside of the ear called
auricle
what is the centre of the ear called
concha
what is the small flap called
tragus
purpose of external ear
transmit sound to the eardrum
what does the tympanic memnrane have and function
small bone that trasnmit sound to inner ear
what does the middle ear have
continous to the nasal cavity
fringo tympanic tube
function of the fringo tympanic tube
stabilises pressure between middle ear and atmosphere
Facial nerve function
Motor (large)
Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, digastric (posterior belly), stylohyoid.
Sensory (smaller – intermediate nerve)
Taste (ant 2/3 tongue), parasympathetic (lacrimal glands, mucous glands of nasal cavity, hard and soft palates, sublingual and submandibular glands).
General sensation from external acoustic meatus and deeper parts of auricle.
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) funtction
somatic motor function, innervating most of the extra ocular muscles of the eyes; superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique as well as the levator palpebrae superioris muscle which raises the upper eye lid.
Parasympathetic – innervating the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscles of the eye constricting the iris/pupil (eg. during the pupillary light reflex)
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) f
Trochlear nerve (CN IV) has somatic motor function - providing innervation to the superior oblique muscle
Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
Abducens nerve (CN VI) has somatic motor function - providing innervation to the lateral rectus muscle.
Superior branch oculomotor nerve –innervation to
Superior rectus – elevates, adducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Levator palpabrae superioris – raises the upper eyelid
Inferior branch –innervation to
Inferior rectus – depresses adducts laterally rotates the eyeball
Medial rectus – adducts the eyeball
Inferior oblique – elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball
Parasympathetic fibres that constrict the iris/pupil
Trochlear Nerve
the superior oblique muscle which depresses and intorts the eye.
all 3 nerves
pass through the cavernous sinus and then enters the via the superior orbital fissure.
Abducens nerve
The abducens nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle which abducts the eye.
