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Reproduction and sexual health > Uterine malignancy > Flashcards

Uterine malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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2
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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3
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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4
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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5
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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6
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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7
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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8
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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9
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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10
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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11
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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12
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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13
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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14
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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15
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

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16
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

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17
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
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18
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

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20
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

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21
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

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22
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

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23
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

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24
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

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25
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

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26
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

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27
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
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28
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

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29
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

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30
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
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5
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31
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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32
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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34
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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35
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

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36
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

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37
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

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38
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

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39
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

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40
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

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41
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
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42
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

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2
3
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5
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43
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

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44
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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45
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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50
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

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51
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

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52
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

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53
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

How well did you know this?
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4
5
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55
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
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2
3
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5
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65
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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66
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

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67
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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69
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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79
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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80
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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81
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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83
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
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2
3
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5
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93
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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94
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
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95
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

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100
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

101
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

102
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
103
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

104
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

105
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

106
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

107
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

108
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

109
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

110
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

111
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

112
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
113
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

114
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

115
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

116
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

117
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

118
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

119
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
120
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

121
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

122
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

123
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

124
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

125
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

126
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

127
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

128
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

129
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
130
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

131
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

132
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

133
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

134
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

135
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

136
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

137
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

138
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
139
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

140
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

141
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

142
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

143
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

144
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

145
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

146
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

147
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

148
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
149
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

150
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

151
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

152
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

153
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

154
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

155
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

156
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

157
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
158
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

159
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

160
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

161
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

162
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

163
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

164
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

165
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

166
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

167
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
168
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

169
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

170
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

171
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

172
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

173
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

174
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

175
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

176
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
177
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

178
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

179
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

180
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

181
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

182
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

183
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

184
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

185
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

186
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
187
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

188
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

189
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

190
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

191
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

192
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

193
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

194
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

195
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
196
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

197
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

198
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

199
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

200
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

201
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

202
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

203
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

204
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

205
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
206
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

207
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

208
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

209
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

210
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

211
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

212
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

213
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

214
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
215
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

216
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

217
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

218
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

219
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

220
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

221
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

222
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

223
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

224
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
225
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

226
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

227
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

228
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

229
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

230
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

231
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

232
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

233
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
234
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

235
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

236
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

237
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

238
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

239
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

240
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

241
Q

What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant

A

serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

can get peritoneal spread of this precursor

242
Q

what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium

A

p53 mutation

243
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged

A 
1-4 
1a - inner half of uterus 
1b - outer half of uterus 
2 - cervix
3 - local/regional spread 
4 - metastases: need radiology
244
Q

How are endometrioid carcinomas graded

A

Grades 1-3
1 - well differentiated
2
3 - poorly differentiated

245
Q

What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours

A

high grade

246
Q

Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

247
Q

Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma

A

tumour of endometrial stroma
mesenchymal origin
spindle cells
infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space

248
Q

what is a leiomyoma / fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus

they are very common

249
Q

What is a leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

Reproduction and sexual health (46 decks)

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