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Uterine malignancy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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2
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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3
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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4
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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5
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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6
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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7
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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8
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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9
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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10
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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11
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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12
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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13
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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14
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma

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15
Q

What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia

A

Oestrogen

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16
Q

What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify

A

Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei
Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei
Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal

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17
Q

List risk factors for endometrial cancer

A 
age 50-60 
OBESITY
Lynch syndrome 
PCOS 
oestrogen only HRT
nulliparity 
early menarche and late menopause
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18
Q

How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer

A

Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation

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19
Q

List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium

A

Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous
Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma

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20
Q

What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial

A

Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous

Type 2 - clear cell and serous

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21
Q

Describe type 1 tumours

A

associated with unopposed oestrogen
PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations
usually has good prognosis

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22
Q

What is the precursor for type 1 tumours

A

atypical hyperplasia

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23
Q

Describe type 2 tumours

A

not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium
more aggressive than type 1 tumours

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24
Q

Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours

A

type 1

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25
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
26
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
27
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
28
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
29
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
30
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
31
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
32
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
33
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
34
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
35
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
36
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
37
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
38
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
39
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
40
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
41
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
42
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
43
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
44
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
45
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
46
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
47
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
48
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
49
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
50
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
51
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
52
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
53
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
54
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
55
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
56
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
57
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
58
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
59
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
60
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
61
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
62
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
63
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
64
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
65
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
66
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
67
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
68
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
69
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
70
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
71
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
72
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
73
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
74
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
75
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
76
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
77
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
78
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
79
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
80
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
81
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
82
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
83
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
84
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
85
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
86
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
87
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
88
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
89
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
90
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
91
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
92
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
93
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
94
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
95
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
96
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
97
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
98
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
99
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
100
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
101
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
102
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
103
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
104
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
105
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
106
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
107
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
108
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
109
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
110
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
111
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
112
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
113
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
114
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
115
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
116
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
117
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
118
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
119
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
120
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
121
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
122
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
123
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
124
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
125
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
126
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
127
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
128
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
129
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
130
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
131
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
132
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
133
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
134
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
135
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
136
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
137
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
138
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
139
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
140
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
141
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
142
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
143
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
144
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
145
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
146
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
147
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
148
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
149
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
150
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
151
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
152
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
153
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
154
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
155
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
156
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
157
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
158
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
159
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
160
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
161
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
162
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
163
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
164
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
165
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
166
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
167
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
168
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
169
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
170
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
171
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
172
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
173
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
174
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
175
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
176
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
177
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
178
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
179
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
180
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
181
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
182
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
183
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
184
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
185
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
186
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
187
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
188
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
189
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
190
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
191
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
192
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
193
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
194
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
195
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
196
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
197
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
198
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
199
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
200
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
201
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
202
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
203
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
204
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
205
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
206
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
207
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
208
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
209
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
210
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
211
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
212
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
213
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
214
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
215
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
216
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
217
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
218
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
219
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
220
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
221
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
222
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
223
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
224
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
225
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
226
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
227
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
228
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
229
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
230
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus
231
What hormone drives endometrial hyperplasia
Oestrogen
232
What categories of endometrial hyperplasia are there and what do they signify
Simple - increase in glands and stromal volume, normal cytology/nuclei Complex - crowded glands with reduced stromal volume and normal nuclei Atypical - like complex but nuclei are atypical and abnormal
233
List risk factors for endometrial cancer
``` age 50-60 OBESITY Lynch syndrome PCOS oestrogen only HRT nulliparity early menarche and late menopause ```
234
How does obesity lead to endometrial cancer
Adipocytes produce aromatase which converts androgens into oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation
235
List malignancies that can occur in the endometrium
Type 1 tumours - endometrioid + mucinous Type 2 tumours - serous + clear cell Carcinosarcoma Endometrial stromal sarcoma
236
What types of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas/epithelial
Type 1 - endometrioid and mucinous | Type 2 - clear cell and serous
237
Describe type 1 tumours
associated with unopposed oestrogen PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA mutations usually has good prognosis
238
What is the precursor for type 1 tumours
atypical hyperplasia
239
Describe type 2 tumours
not associated with unopposed oestrogen, instead atrophic endometrium more aggressive than type 1 tumours
240
Which is more common, type 1 or 2 tumours
type 1
241
What is the precursor for type 2 tumours and why is it clinically significant
serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma | can get peritoneal spread of this precursor
242
what mutation is associated with serous carcinoma of the endometrium
p53 mutation
243
How are endometrial carcinomas staged
``` 1-4 1a - inner half of uterus 1b - outer half of uterus 2 - cervix 3 - local/regional spread 4 - metastases: need radiology ```
244
How are endometrioid carcinomas graded
Grades 1-3 1 - well differentiated 2 3 - poorly differentiated
245
What grade is automatically given to type 2 tumours
high grade
246
Describe carcinosarcoma / mixed malignant mullerian tumour
mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements
247
Describe endometrial stromal sarcoma
tumour of endometrial stroma mesenchymal origin spindle cells infiltrates myometrium and lymphovascular space
248
what is a leiomyoma / fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour of the myometrium of the uterus | they are very common
249
What is a leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus

Reproduction and sexual health (46 decks)

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