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Reproduction and sexual health > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

when has a woman reached menopause

A

when she has been amenorrhoeic for 12 months

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2
Q

menopause is a retrospective diagnosis, true or false

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What precedes menopause

A

peri-menopause / climacteric period

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4
Q

What is the average age of menopause

A

51 yr

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5
Q

When is early menopause

A

<45 yr

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6
Q

When is premature menopause

A

<40 yr

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7
Q

When is late menopause

A

> 54 yr

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8
Q

What causes menopause

A

Depletion of ovarian follicles resulting in a decrease in oestrogen levels

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9
Q

What happens to FSH + LH levels as oestrogen decreases

A

They increase (in an attempt to complete negative feedback)

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10
Q

What are the other effects of oestrogen

A 
2ndary sexual characteristic development 
hair and fat distribution 
effect on collagen 
helps bone growth 
endometrial proliferation
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11
Q

How is menopause diagnosed normally

A

based on a woman’s clinical symptoms and age

presence of vasomotor symptoms and irregular periods

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12
Q

When are blood tests used in helping diagnosis and at what times should they be taken

A

premature menopause
woman with no uterus / endometrial tissue after hysterectomy
atypical symptoms of menopause
2 blood tests 6 weeks apart

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13
Q

Why are FSH + LH levels not routinely checked

A

because they are released in a pulsatile fashion
they are raised pre ovulation
raised after stopping contraception
single raised levels do NOT confirm menopause

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14
Q

What are the main groups of symptoms a woman experiences in peri-menopause

A

Physical
Psychological
Sexual
Urinary

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15
Q

What are the physical symptoms of menopause

A 
hot flushes 
night sweats
palpitations 
insomnia 
joint aches 
headaches
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16
Q

What are the psychological symptoms of menopause

A 
mood swings 
irritability 
anxiety 
difficulty concentrating 
forgetfulness
17
Q

What are the sexual symptoms of menopause

A

vaginal dryness

loss of libido

18
Q

What are the later onset of symptoms in menopause

A 
urinary frequency 
dysuria 
recurrent UTIs
incontinence
dry hair and skin 
atrophy of breasts and genitals
19
Q

What are the broad management options for menopause

A

Conservative
Menorrhagia Mx
HRT
Non-HRT

20
Q

What are conservative options of management

A 
diet
weight loss 
exercise 
reduce caffiene 
CBT 
mindfulness
21
Q

What are options for managing menorrhagia

A 
Mefanamic acid - NSAID
Tranexamic acid - antifibrinolytic 
Progestogens 
Mirena IUS 
Endometrial ablation 
Hysterectomy
22
Q

How can HRT be administered

A

PO

transdermal patches

23
Q

Indications for oestrogen only HRT

A

women with no uterus / endometrial tissue (hysterectomy)

24
Q

Indications for combined (oestrogen and progestogen) HRT

A

women with uterus / endometrial tissue present

25
Q

What is a risk of oestrogen only HRT

A

unopposed oestrogen causes endometrial proliferation and can lead to hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma

26
Q

Which cancer are you at increased risk of if you take combined HRT

A

breast cancer

27
Q

What are other risks of taking HRT

A

VTE PO>transdermal administration

Coronary heart disease and stroke (slight risk)

28
Q

When is monthly cyclical/sequential HRT given

A

in women who have regular periods going through peri-menopause

29
Q

When is 3 monthly cyclical/sequential HRT given

A

in women with irregular periods through peri-menopause

30
Q

When is continuous HRT given

A

Post menopausal women

31
Q

What are non-HRT options for managing menopause

A

clomidine
SSRIs
Regelle, Yes, Sylk - vaginal lubricants

Reproduction and sexual health (46 decks)

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