Use of biological resources Flashcards
what is yoghurt
yoghurt is milk which has been fermented by a certain species of bacteria called lactobacillus
what is the use of lactobacillus in Yoghurt
Digest milk proteins an ferment the lactose (sugar) producing lactic acid
what are the advantages of using lactobacillus
Lowers/decreases the PH
Preserves it
gives it a longer shelf life
what is the role of yeast in bread making
Allows the bread to rise
enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the flour into sugar
Yeast uses these sugars aerobically producing carbon dioxide+ water
when the yeast runs out of oxygen it switches to anaerobic respiration this is known as fermentation
producing carbon dioxide and ethanol
what is the name of the process when yeast switches to anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
What is the process of selective breeding
- choose the individual with the desired characteristics/features
- You let only these individuals reproduce
- You choose the offspring with the desired feature/ characteristics
- only allow these to reproduce
- repeat
what are the issues with selective breeding
- no genetic variation
- this causes them to be vulnerable to genetic disorders and disease
How do you use the fermenter
Air is pumped into the fermenter which is kept clean by an air filter to keep air sterile.
HOT Steam is also pumped into fermenter to kill unwanted bacteria
Cooling jacket reduces temperature and heats contents to maintain optimum temperature for enzymes so they don’t denature
Paddles/Stirrers mix contents to distribute food and oxygen and maintain equal temperatures.
The nutrients include oxygen for respiration, glucose for respiration and amino acids for growth.
Maintaining aseptic conditions is important as unwanted microorganisms use up resources and compete with wanted bacteria.
What are two artificial ways of creating the ideal conditions for photosynthesis
Polytunnels
Glasshouse
Explain how Glasshouses increase crop Yeild
- Glasshouses keep plants enclosed makes it easier to keep them free from pests and diseases
- helps farmers control the water supplied to their crops
- Extend the light supply (use artificial light after the sun goes out) allows more time for photosynthesis
- Glasshouses traps the suns heat, keeps the plant warm.
- use heaters in the winter to keep optimum temp
- Increase levels of co2 by using a paraffin heater. (as it burns release co2 as a by product
- all these factors increase the rate of photosynthesis for his plants
- plants will grow bigger and faster- increasing his crop yield
What are the benefits of a paraffin heater
Increase carbon dioxide production
and heats the glasshouse
As the parraffin heater burns it produces co2 as a by product
How does the use of a fertiliser increase crop yield
Fertiliser are used to ensure the crops have Enough Minerals
Plants need certain minerals so they can make compounds such as protein
not enough minerals, their growth and life processes are affected
Fertilisers are used t replace these missing minerals or provide more of them.
This helps to increase the crop yield
What minerals do certain plants need and why
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
To make compounds such as protein to grow
What are the benefits of pest control
Pest control stops pests eating crops
pest are microorganisms- insects and mammals that feed on crops
pest control is the killing of these insect and mammals meaning fewer plants are damaged or destroyed increasing crop yield
What are the two types of pests controls
Biological control
Pesticides
What is biological control and what are the benefits
- alternative to using pesticides
- using other organisms to reduce the numbers of pests
this is beneficial as the helpful organisms could be predators, parasitise, or disease causing
Positives
biological control is longer-lasting than pesticides
less harmful to wildlife and humans
- don’t pollute
Negative
- introducing new organisms can cause problems
what is an example of a negative effect of biological control
Cane toads in Australia
What are pesticides and their positives and negatives
Pesticides are a form of chemical control
negative
- often poisonous to humans ( have to be careful when applying them to make sure the amount used stays below the a safe level)
- harm wildlife
-pollute
positive
- increases crop yield
- kills unwanted consumers
What is the use of the filter in a fermenter
traps pathogens
prevents contamination
What do you do before using the fermenter
sterilise
make sure no harmful bacteria
reduce competition for nutrients
What are two ways of fish Farming
Fish farming controlled in cages
Fish farming controlled in tanks
What is fish farming
fish are kept in cages
they are fed a diet of food pellets that’s carefully controlled to maximise the amount of energy they have
fish farming is a desgin used t produce fish for food
Advantage of fish Farming in a cage
- prevents interspecific predation
- stops them using as much energy swimming about
- fish are raised for foods which is good for humans as they are a graet source of protein
- fish can be bread to produce faster growing, less aggressive fish
Disadvantages of fish farming
- fish kept in cages are prone to diseases and parasites
What is the effect of the type of food fed to fish
The better quality the food the quicker and bigger the fish will grow
Why is important to separate small fish from big fish
to prevent the fish from eating the little ones
intraspecific predation- organisms eat individuals of the same species
What is an example of fish farming
Salmon farming in Scotland
What is the different between interspecific predation and intraspecific predation
interspecific predation- being eaten by other animals like birds or seals)
intraspecific predation- being eaten by your own species ( animals of the same species eat each other)
Benefits of fish farming in tanks
The water quantity can be monitored to check temperature, PH, oxygen level
easy to control how much food is supplied and give exactly the right sort of food
The water can be removed and filtered to get rid of fish poo and wasted food
this keeps the water clean for fish and avoids pollution wherever the water ends up
why are animals and plants selectively bread
To maintain the best organisms to get good offspring
what are reasons for selective breeding
Maximum yield of meat, milk, grain
Good health and disease resistance
in animals, other qualities like temperament, speed, fertility, good mothering skills
In plants other qualities like attractive flowers, nice smell
Explain the process of selective breeding
From your existing stock select the ones which have the best characteristics
breed them with each other
select the best of the offspring and breed them together
continue this process over the several generations and the desirable trat gets stronger and stronger.
this will give the farmer eventually better yields
How is selective breeding useful
Increase productivity of cows
cows can be selectively bred to produce offspring with high meat yield.
sheep can be bred to produce high number of offspring
selective breeding can increase crop yield
What are ligase used for
enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together
What are restriction enzymes for
Used to cut DNA at specific sites
What are two different bits of DNA stuck together called
Recombinant DNA
What are two types of enzymes used in genetic enginering
Ligase
Restriction
What are vectors used for
Insert DNA into other organisms
used to transfer DNA into a cell
What are two examples of vectors
Plasmid
Viruses
How are plasmids used as vectors
small circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria
How are viruses used as vectors
Insert DNA into the organism they infect
How does genetic engineering work ( production of human insulin)
The DNA you want to insert ( gene for human insulin) is cut open using the same restriction enzyme.
The vector DNA(plasmid, viruses) and the DNA you’re inserting (gene for insulin) are mixed together with ligase enzymes
The ligase join to form recombinant DNA
The recombinant DNA( the vector containing the new DNA) is inserted into other cells e.g bacteria
These cells can now use the gene you inserted to make protein you want.
e.g bacteria containg the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a fermenter to produce insulin for people with diabetes
What is the bacteria that contains the human gene for human insulin
Transgenic
What does the term transgenic mean
the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species
What are the benefits for genetically modified food production
Can improve food production
How can plants be genetically modified to improve food production
by making them resistant to insects
Make them resistant to herbicides
What are the benefits of making crops insect resistant
means farmers don’t have to spray as many pesticides
wildlife that don’t eat the crop are not affected
less polutionn
increases crop yeild
What are the benefits of making crops herbicide resistant
Farmers can spray their crops to kill weeds
without affecting the crop itself
increase crop yield
What are negatives/ disadvantages of genetically modified plants
transplanted genes may get out in the environment
herbicide resistant gene may be picked up by weeds, creating a new “superweed” variety
could affect food chains
could affect human health
Micropropagation is used for what
to clone plants
(tissue culture)
How does the process of micropropagation work
- A plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned
- small species (explants) are taken for the tips of the stems and the side shoots of this plant
- Explants are sterilised to kill any microorganisms
- Explants are then grown in vitro
5.Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small plant.
large quantities are required to sell further explants are taken off small plants
- The small plants are taken out of the medium, planted in the soil and put into glasshouses
- grow into genetically identical plants to the original plants so carry the same characteristics
what are desired characteristics for plants
large flowers
pretty smell
What do we mean when we say explants are grown in vitro
petri dish
containing a nutrient medium
the medium has all the nutrients plant need to grow
including growth hormones
what does the petri dish contain
nutrients needed to grow
growth hotmones
How do you grow an adult mammal
transplanting a cell Nucleus
who was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from a mature adult cell
dolly sheep
describe the process of making a dolly sheep
- the nucleus of a sheep’s egg cell was removed creating a enucleated cell
- A diploid nucleus(body cell) was inserted in it’s place
- using an electric shock
- divide mitosis to form an embryo
- place in uterus
- surrogate mother
how can you make human proteins
using cloned transgenic animals
how do transgenic animals produce human proteins
Cows and sheep make prottein naturally in milk
by transferring human genes into cells of these animals
what are benefits of transferring human genes into transgenic cells
produce human antibodies that can be used in therapy for illnesses like arthritis
cancer
produce human proteins in egg white
these transgenic animals can then be cloned so that useful genetic characteristics is passed on
what can transgenic chickens do
produce human proteins in egg whites
