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Use of biological resources Flashcards

1
Q

what is yoghurt

A

yoghurt is milk which has been fermented by a certain species of bacteria called lactobacillus

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2
Q

what is the use of lactobacillus in Yoghurt

A

Digest milk proteins an ferment the lactose (sugar) producing lactic acid

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3
Q

what are the advantages of using lactobacillus

A

Lowers/decreases the PH
Preserves it
gives it a longer shelf life

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4
Q

what is the role of yeast in bread making

A

Allows the bread to rise

enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the flour into sugar

Yeast uses these sugars aerobically producing carbon dioxide+ water

when the yeast runs out of oxygen it switches to anaerobic respiration this is known as fermentation
producing carbon dioxide and ethanol

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5
Q

what is the name of the process when yeast switches to anaerobic respiration

A

Fermentation

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6
Q

What is the process of selective breeding

A
  • choose the individual with the desired characteristics/features
  • You let only these individuals reproduce
  • You choose the offspring with the desired feature/ characteristics
  • only allow these to reproduce
  • repeat
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7
Q

what are the issues with selective breeding

A
  • no genetic variation
  • this causes them to be vulnerable to genetic disorders and disease
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8
Q

How do you use the fermenter

A

Air is pumped into the fermenter which is kept clean by an air filter to keep air sterile.

HOT Steam is also pumped into fermenter to kill unwanted bacteria

Cooling jacket reduces temperature and heats contents to maintain optimum temperature for enzymes so they don’t denature

Paddles/Stirrers mix contents to distribute food and oxygen and maintain equal temperatures.

The nutrients include oxygen for respiration, glucose for respiration and amino acids for growth.

Maintaining aseptic conditions is important as unwanted microorganisms use up resources and compete with wanted bacteria.

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9
Q

What are two artificial ways of creating the ideal conditions for photosynthesis

A

Polytunnels
Glasshouse

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10
Q

Explain how Glasshouses increase crop Yeild

A
  • Glasshouses keep plants enclosed makes it easier to keep them free from pests and diseases
  • helps farmers control the water supplied to their crops
  • Extend the light supply (use artificial light after the sun goes out) allows more time for photosynthesis
  • Glasshouses traps the suns heat, keeps the plant warm.
  • use heaters in the winter to keep optimum temp
  • Increase levels of co2 by using a paraffin heater. (as it burns release co2 as a by product
  • all these factors increase the rate of photosynthesis for his plants
  • plants will grow bigger and faster- increasing his crop yield
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11
Q

What are the benefits of a paraffin heater

A

Increase carbon dioxide production
and heats the glasshouse

As the parraffin heater burns it produces co2 as a by product

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12
Q

How does the use of a fertiliser increase crop yield

A

Fertiliser are used to ensure the crops have Enough Minerals

Plants need certain minerals so they can make compounds such as protein

not enough minerals, their growth and life processes are affected

Fertilisers are used t replace these missing minerals or provide more of them.

This helps to increase the crop yield

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13
Q

What minerals do certain plants need and why

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
To make compounds such as protein to grow

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14
Q

What are the benefits of pest control

A

Pest control stops pests eating crops

pest are microorganisms- insects and mammals that feed on crops

pest control is the killing of these insect and mammals meaning fewer plants are damaged or destroyed increasing crop yield

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15
Q

What are the two types of pests controls

A

Biological control

Pesticides

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16
Q

What is biological control and what are the benefits

A
  • alternative to using pesticides
  • using other organisms to reduce the numbers of pests

this is beneficial as the helpful organisms could be predators, parasitise, or disease causing

Positives

biological control is longer-lasting than pesticides

less harmful to wildlife and humans

  • don’t pollute

Negative
- introducing new organisms can cause problems

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17
Q

what is an example of a negative effect of biological control

A

Cane toads in Australia

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18
Q

What are pesticides and their positives and negatives

A

Pesticides are a form of chemical control

negative
- often poisonous to humans ( have to be careful when applying them to make sure the amount used stays below the a safe level)

  • harm wildlife

-pollute

positive

  • increases crop yield
  • kills unwanted consumers
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19
Q

What is the use of the filter in a fermenter

A

traps pathogens
prevents contamination

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20
Q

What do you do before using the fermenter

A

sterilise

make sure no harmful bacteria

reduce competition for nutrients

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21
Q

What are two ways of fish Farming

A

Fish farming controlled in cages

Fish farming controlled in tanks

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22
Q

What is fish farming

A

fish are kept in cages
they are fed a diet of food pellets that’s carefully controlled to maximise the amount of energy they have

fish farming is a desgin used t produce fish for food

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23
Q

Advantage of fish Farming in a cage

A
  • prevents interspecific predation
  • stops them using as much energy swimming about
  • fish are raised for foods which is good for humans as they are a graet source of protein
  • fish can be bread to produce faster growing, less aggressive fish
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24
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • fish kept in cages are prone to diseases and parasites
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25
What is the effect of the type of food fed to fish
The better quality the food the quicker and bigger the fish will grow
26
Why is important to separate small fish from big fish
to prevent the fish from eating the little ones intraspecific predation- organisms eat individuals of the same species
27
What is an example of fish farming
Salmon farming in Scotland
28
What is the different between interspecific predation and intraspecific predation
interspecific predation- being eaten by other animals like birds or seals) intraspecific predation- being eaten by your own species ( animals of the same species eat each other)
29
Benefits of fish farming in tanks
The water quantity can be monitored to check temperature, PH, oxygen level easy to control how much food is supplied and give exactly the right sort of food The water can be removed and filtered to get rid of fish poo and wasted food this keeps the water clean for fish and avoids pollution wherever the water ends up
30
why are animals and plants selectively bread
To maintain the best organisms to get good offspring
31
what are reasons for selective breeding
Maximum yield of meat, milk, grain Good health and disease resistance in animals, other qualities like temperament, speed, fertility, good mothering skills In plants other qualities like attractive flowers, nice smell
32
Explain the process of selective breeding
From your existing stock select the ones which have the best characteristics breed them with each other select the best of the offspring and breed them together continue this process over the several generations and the desirable trat gets stronger and stronger. this will give the farmer eventually better yields
33
How is selective breeding useful
Increase productivity of cows cows can be selectively bred to produce offspring with high meat yield. sheep can be bred to produce high number of offspring selective breeding can increase crop yield
34
What are ligase used for
enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together
35
What are restriction enzymes for
Used to cut DNA at specific sites
36
What are two different bits of DNA stuck together called
Recombinant DNA
37
What are two types of enzymes used in genetic enginering
Ligase Restriction
38
What are vectors used for
Insert DNA into other organisms used to transfer DNA into a cell
39
What are two examples of vectors
Plasmid Viruses
40
How are plasmids used as vectors
small circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria
41
How are viruses used as vectors
Insert DNA into the organism they infect
42
How does genetic engineering work ( production of human insulin)
The DNA you want to insert ( gene for human insulin) is cut open using the same restriction enzyme. The vector DNA(plasmid, viruses) and the DNA you're inserting (gene for insulin) are mixed together with ligase enzymes The ligase join to form recombinant DNA The recombinant DNA( the vector containing the new DNA) is inserted into other cells e.g bacteria These cells can now use the gene you inserted to make protein you want. e.g bacteria containg the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a fermenter to produce insulin for people with diabetes
43
What is the bacteria that contains the human gene for human insulin
Transgenic
44
What does the term transgenic mean
the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species
45
What are the benefits for genetically modified food production
Can improve food production
46
How can plants be genetically modified to improve food production
by making them resistant to insects Make them resistant to herbicides
47
What are the benefits of making crops insect resistant
means farmers don't have to spray as many pesticides wildlife that don't eat the crop are not affected less polution increases crop yeild
48
What are the benefits of making crops herbicide resistant
Farmers can spray their crops to kill weeds without affecting the crop itself increase crop yield
49
What are negatives/ disadvantages of genetically modified plants
transplanted genes may get out in the environment herbicide resistant gene may be picked up by weeds, creating a new "superweed" variety could affect food chains could affect human health
50
Micropropagation is used for what
to clone plants (tissue culture)
51
How does the process of micropropagation work
1. A plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned 2. small species (explants) are taken for the tips of the stems and the side shoots of this plant 3. Explants are sterilised to kill any microorganisms 4. Explants are then grown in vitro 5.Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small plant. large quantities are required to sell further explants are taken off small plants 6. The small plants are taken out of the medium, planted in the soil and put into glasshouses 7. grow into genetically identical plants to the original plants so carry the same characteristics
52
what are desired characteristics for plants
large flowers pretty smell
53
What do we mean when we say explants are grown in vitro
petri dish containing a nutrient medium the medium has all the nutrients plant need to grow including growth hormones
54
what does the petri dish contain
nutrients needed to grow growth hotmones
55
How do you grow an adult mammal
transplanting a cell Nucleus
56
who was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from a mature adult cell
dolly sheep
57
describe the process of making a dolly sheep
1. the nucleus of a sheep's egg cell was removed creating a enucleated cell 2. A diploid nucleus(body cell) was inserted in it's place 3. using an electric shock 4. divide mitosis to form an embryo 5. place in uterus 6. surrogate mother
58
how can you make human proteins
using cloned transgenic animals
59
how do transgenic animals produce human proteins
Cows and sheep make prottein naturally in milk by transferring human genes into cells of these animals
60
what are benefits of transferring human genes into transgenic cells
produce human antibodies that can be used in therapy for illnesses like arthritis cancer produce human proteins in egg white these transgenic animals can then be cloned so that useful genetic characteristics is passed on
61
what can transgenic chickens do
produce human proteins in egg whites

Biology (23 decks)

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