Structure and functions in living organisms Flashcards
what does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t have
Chloroplast
vacuole
cell wall
What is the function of the mitochondria
Site of respiration
releases energy for the cell
what is the function of the
cell membrane
Controls what enters and exits the cell
what is the function of cytoplasm
where chemical/metabolic reactions occur
What is the function of the nucleus.
Controls the activity of the cell using genes/ DNA
What is the function of the ribosomes.
where proteins are made
site of the protein synthesis
What is the function of the vacuole and what does it contain
Contains cell sap
helps keep the cells structure
What do chloroplast contain
Contains chlorophyll a green pigment gives the plant it’s colour
what is the function of the cell wall and what is it made off
made of cellulose helps keep the plant cell shape/ structure
what chemical elements are present in Carbohydrates
CHO
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
what chemical elements are present in Protein
CHON
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
what chemical elements are present in lipids (fats and oils)
CHO
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
describe the structure of carbohydrates
long chain of simple sugars
what is a simple sugar of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
examples of carbohydrates(monosaccharide)
glucose
fructose
galactose
examples of disaccharide carbohydrates
Maltose
lactose
sucrose
examples of Polysaccharide carbohydrates
starch
glycogen
cellulose
what are examples of monomers for lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
what are most Lipids in the body made up of
Triglycerides
what are examples of polymers for lipids
Triglyceride
what are monomers for Protein
amino acids
what are polymers for protein
polypeptide/protein
what are proteins
long chains of amino acids
what is the role of an enzyme
A biological molecule which speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up itself by lowering the energy required
what happens to an enzyme as temperature increases
As temperature increase so does the rate of reaction up to a certain point.
kinetic energy of molecules increases=more collisions
optimum temp is when enzymes work rate is the highest
After optimum temp enzyme denatures(active site shape changes)
when the enzyme denatures what happens to it
the shape changes
active site changes
What happens to an enzyme as pH changes
If it is too high or too low the Ph interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together
- This changes the shape of the active site
- enzyme denatures
- Active site changes
- No ESC formed
- All enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best at , this usually a pH Level of 7
all enzymes have an ________ pH __________ of usually ___________
all enzymes have an optimum pH level of usually 7
Describe the practical investigation on how enzyme activity can be affected by the change in temp
- Add 5cm3 starch solution to a test tube and heat to a set temperature using beaker of water with a Bunsen burner
- Add a drop of Iodine to each of the wells of a spotting tile
- Use a syringe to add 2cm3 amylase to the starch solution and mix well
- Every minute, transfer a droplet of solution to a new well of iodine solution (which should turn blue-black)
-Repeat this transfer process until the iodine solution stops turning blue-black (this means the amylase has broken down all the starch)
-Record the time taken for the reaction to be completed
-Repeat the investigation for a range of temperatures (from 20°C to 60°C)
What is the process of diffusion
Diffusion is the random net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is the process of Osmosis
Osmosis is the net movement of free water molecules from an area of high water concentration/pointential to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane
what are factors which affect movement of substances
- surface area : volume ratio
- short diffusion distance
- Large blood supply to maintain concentration gradient ( only affects diffusion and osmosis not active transport)
- Temperature (as the particles in the substance get warmer they have more energy - so they move faster . This means as temperature increases substance moves in and out of cell faster.
- concentration gradient ( bigger concentration gradient faster rate of diffusion)
Describe the investigation for living organisms on osmosis
- cut up a potato into identical cylinders
- get some beakers with different sugar levels
- one with pure water
- one with a very high concentration of sugar solution
then have a few other beakers with concentrations in between - measure the initial length of the cylinders
- leave for around half-hour
- measure the final length
- if the cylinders have drawn in water via osmosis they will be a bit longer
- if they have shrunk then they have lost water via osmosis
What is the process of active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using ATP (goes against the concentration gradient)
