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Advanced Sommelier > USA > Flashcards

USA Flashcards

1
Q

What is Washington’s most widely planted red grape variety?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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2
Q

What is Washington’s most widely planted white grape variety?

A

Chardonnay

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3
Q

What percentage of Washington’s vineyards are located east of the Cascade Mountains?

A

Over 99%

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4
Q

What is the primary climate of Washington wine regions?

A

Continental, with hot summers and cold winters

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5
Q

What is Washington’s largest AVA by geographical size?

A

Columbia Valley AVA

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6
Q

What percentage of grapes must come from Washington State for a wine to carry a Washington appellation?

A

95%

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7
Q

What is the second most planted red grape variety in Washington?

A

Merlot

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8
Q

What is the second most planted white grape variety in Washington?

A

Riesling

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9
Q

What is the significance of the Columbia River for Washington vineyards?

A

Provides irrigation water to the arid wine regions east of the Cascades

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10
Q

What is the annual average rainfall in Washington’s eastern wine regions?

A

Less than 10 inches

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11
Q

What is the largest sub-AVA of Columbia Valley?

A

Yakima Valley AVA

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12
Q

Which AVAs are located within both Washington and Oregon?

A

Walla Walla Valley AVA
Columbia Valley AVA
Columbia Gorge AVA

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13
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Red Mountain AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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14
Q

What is the Horse Heaven Hills AVA known for?

A

Known for wind-swept vineyards and high-quality Cabernet Sauvignon

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15
Q

What is a notable producer in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Leonetti Cellar

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16
Q

Which Washington AVA is known for producing structured and age-worthy reds due to its hot, dry climate?

A

Red Mountain AVA

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17
Q

Describe Wahluke Slope AVA in Washington.

A

A warm, dry region producing ripe, fruit-forward wines, especially Merlot and Syrah

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18
Q

Which AVA within Columbia Valley is Washington’s oldest AVA?

A

Yakima Valley AVA, established in 1983

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19
Q

What is the role of irrigation in Columbia Valley vineyards?

A

Essential for vine growth due to the region’s arid conditions

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20
Q

What are the primary red grape varieties of Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah

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21
Q

What is the soil type in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Wind-blown loess over basalt bedrock

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22
Q

What is the climate influence of the Blue Mountains on Walla Walla Valley?

A

Provides cooling winds, extending the growing season

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23
Q

What is a notable producer in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Cayuse Vineyards, known for biodynamic Syrah

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24
Q

What distinguishes The Rocks District of Milton-Freewater?

A

Unique basalt cobblestone soils producing earthy and complex Syrah

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25
Q

What is the significance of Woodward Canyon in Walla Walla Valley?

A

A pioneering winery producing premium Bordeaux-style wines

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26
Q

What is the annual rainfall in Walla Walla Valley?

A

12-22 inches, higher than most Washington wine regions

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27
Q

What is the primary white grape variety in Walla Walla Valley?

A

Viognier

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28
Q

What is the significance of the “Rocks District” AVA within Walla Walla Valley?

A

Known for Rhône-style wines with distinct minerality and savory complexity

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29
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Syrah from Walla Walla Valley?

A

13.5–15%

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30
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Yakima Valley AVA?

A

Chardonnay, followed closely by Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon

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31
Q

What is Boushey Vineyard in Yakima Valley known for?

A

Known for producing top-tier Syrah and Grenache

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32
Q

What are the sub-AVAs within Yakima Valley?

A

Rattlesnake Hills, Snipes Mountain, and Red Mountain

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33
Q

What is the role of elevation in Yakima Valley vineyards?

A

Higher elevations mitigate frost risk and promote even ripening

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34
Q

What is the annual average rainfall in Yakima Valley?

A

6–8 inches

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35
Q

What is a notable producer in Yakima Valley?

A

Hedges Family Estate, known for Red Mountain wines

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36
Q

What is the primary style of Riesling from Yakima Valley?

A

Dry to off-dry, with crisp acidity and stone fruit flavors

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37
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Snipes Mountain AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Malbec

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38
Q

What does Red Mountain AVA within Yakima Valley make?

A

Produces powerful, tannic reds with high aging potential

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39
Q

What is the role of volcanic activity in Yakima Valley’s terroir?

A

Contributed to nutrient-rich soils that support vine health

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40
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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41
Q

What is the climate of Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Warm and dry with consistent winds, which reduce disease pressure

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42
Q

What is grown in Canoe Ridge Vineyard in Horse Heaven Hills?

A

Known for premium Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon

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43
Q

What is the role of wind in Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Reduces vine vigor and enhances grape concentration

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44
Q

What is a notable producer in Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Columbia Crest, producing high-quality wines at affordable prices

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45
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Lake Chelan AVA?

A

Crisp whites and vibrant reds, including Syrah and Pinot Noir

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46
Q

What is the smallest AVA in Washington State?

A

Naches Heights AVA

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47
Q

What is Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley AVA known for?

A

Known for high-acid Riesling and aromatic white varieties

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48
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Puget Sound AVA?

A

Madeleine Angevine, a cool-climate white grape

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49
Q

What is the significance of Washington’s Cascade Cliffs Winery?

A

Known for Barbera and Rhône-style wines

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50
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Oregon?

A

Pinot Noir.

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51
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape variety in Oregon?

A

Pinot Gris.

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52
Q

What percentage of grapes must come from Oregon for a wine to carry an Oregon designation?

A

100%.

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53
Q

What percentage of grapes must come from the stated variety for varietal labeling in Oregon?

A

90%, except for Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and other specified varieties, which require 75%.

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54
Q

What is the climate of Oregon’s wine regions?

A

Primarily cool-climate with maritime and continental influences.

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55
Q

What is Oregon’s largest AVA?

A

Willamette Valley AVA.

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56
Q

What is Oregon’s oldest winery?

A

HillCrest Vineyard, established in 1961.

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57
Q

What is the significance of the 1979 Wine Olympics for Oregon?

A

Eyrie Vineyards’ Pinot Noir placed well, elevating Oregon’s reputation globally.

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58
Q

What is the role of the Oregon Wine Board?

A

Promotes and regulates Oregon’s wine industry.

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59
Q

What is the primary soil type in the Willamette Valley?

A

Jory and Willakenzie soils (volcanic and marine sedimentary).

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60
Q

What is the primary grape variety of the Willamette Valley?

A

Pinot Noir.

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61
Q

What are the six sub-AVAs of the Willamette Valley?

A
  • Chehalem Mountains
  • Dundee Hills
  • Eola-Amity Hills
  • McMinnville
  • Ribbon Ridge
  • Yamhill-Carlton
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62
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Dundee Hills AVA?

A

Elegant Pinot Noir with red fruit and earthy notes.

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63
Q

What is the significance of Ribbon Ridge AVA?

A

A small sub-AVA known for concentrated Pinot Noir with bright acidity.

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64
Q

What distinguishes wines from McMinnville AVA?

A

Structured Pinot Noir with darker fruit and herbal notes due to cooler temperatures.

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65
Q

What is a notable producer in Eola-Amity Hills AVA?

A

Bethel Heights Vineyard.

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66
Q

What is the primary climate influence in Eola-Amity Hills AVA?

A

The Van Duzer Corridor, bringing cool marine breezes.

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67
Q

What is the role of volcanic soils in Dundee Hills AVA?

A

Provides excellent drainage and contributes to minerality in Pinot Noir.

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68
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in the Willamette Valley?

A

60–65°F (cool climate).

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69
Q

What is a notable producer in Chehalem Mountains AVA?

A

Ponzi Vineyards.

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70
Q

What are the two main sub-AVAs of Southern Oregon?

A
  • Umpqua Valley
  • Rogue Valley
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71
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Umpqua Valley AVA?

A

Pinot Noir, along with Tempranillo and Syrah.

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72
Q

What distinguishes the Rogue Valley AVA?

A

Warm climate, producing bold reds like Syrah, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon.

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73
Q

What is the significance of HillCrest Vineyard in Umpqua Valley?

A

Oregon’s oldest winery, producing Bordeaux varieties and Riesling.

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74
Q

What is the role of elevation in Rogue Valley vineyards?

A

Higher elevations (up to 2,000 feet) preserve acidity in grapes.

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75
Q

What is the primary white grape variety of Rogue Valley AVA?

A

Viognier.

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76
Q

What is the climate of the Applegate Valley AVA, a subregion of Rogue Valley?

A

Warmer than the rest of Rogue Valley, ideal for bold reds.

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77
Q

What is the significance of Abacela in Umpqua Valley?

A

Pioneered Tempranillo production in Oregon.

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78
Q

What is the annual rainfall in Southern Oregon AVAs?

A

10–25 inches, less than Willamette Valley.

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79
Q

What distinguishes Pinot Noir from Umpqua Valley compared to Willamette Valley?

A

Umpqua Pinot Noir is riper and fuller-bodied due to warmer temperatures.

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80
Q

What is the primary climate influence in the Columbia Gorge AVA?

A

A mix of maritime and continental climates due to the Columbia River.

81
Q

What are the dominant grape varieties of the Columbia Gorge AVA?

A
  • Pinot Noir
  • Chardonnay
  • Aromatic whites like Riesling and Gewürztraminer
82
Q

What distinguishes Walla Walla Valley AVA in Oregon from Washington?

A

Oregon vineyards are generally cooler and more suited to Pinot Noir.

83
Q

What is the primary style of wines from the Oregon side of the Columbia Gorge AVA?

A

High-acid, aromatic whites and elegant reds.

84
Q

What is the significance of the Cascade Mountains for Columbia Gorge vineyards?

A

They create a rain shadow, allowing for diverse growing conditions.

85
Q

What is a notable producer in the Columbia Gorge AVA?

A

Analemma Wines.

86
Q

What is the primary soil type in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Basalt bedrock with wind-blown loess.

87
Q

What is the role of the Columbia River in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Provides irrigation and moderates temperatures.

88
Q

What is a notable producer in Walla Walla Valley AVA (Oregon side)?

A

Saviah Cellars.

89
Q

What is the primary red grape of Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

90
Q

What is the purpose of whole-cluster fermentation in Oregon Pinot Noir?

A

Adds structure, complexity, and savory notes.

91
Q

What is the southernmost AVA in Oregon?

A

Rogue Valley AVA.

92
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Snake River Valley AVA (partly in Oregon)?

A

Aromatic whites and medium-bodied reds.

93
Q

What distinguishes wines from Elkton Oregon AVA?

A

Cool-climate Pinot Noir and aromatic whites like Riesling.

94
Q

What is the significance of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA?

A

A cool, windy AVA producing Pinot Noir with bright acidity and structure.

95
Q

What is the primary grape of Rocks District of Milton-Freewater in Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A

Syrah.

96
Q

What is the importance of biodynamic farming in Oregon winemaking?

A

Widely practiced, emphasizing sustainability and vineyard health.

97
Q

What is the annual production of Oregon wine compared to California?

A

Less than 1% of California’s production, focusing on quality over quantity.

98
Q

What is a notable producer in Snake River Valley AVA?

A

Cinder Wines.

99
Q

What is the role of native yeast fermentation in Oregon winemaking?

A

Preserves the natural expression of terroir and varietal character.

100
Q

What is the oldest continuously operating winery in the United States?

A

Brotherhood Winery in New York, established in 1839.

101
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in New York State?

A

Concord, primarily used for juice, jelly, and sweet wines.

102
Q

What is the largest AVA in the United States?

A

Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA, spanning parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois.

103
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Michigan’s Old Mission Peninsula AVA?

A

Riesling.

104
Q

What is the role of hybrid grapes in the eastern United States?

A

They are resistant to cold and diseases, making them suitable for challenging climates.

105
Q

What is the climate of Texas Hill Country AVA?

A

Hot and dry, with Mediterranean influences.

106
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Virginia?

A

Cabernet Franc.

107
Q

What is the primary white grape variety of Finger Lakes AVA in New York?

A

Riesling.

108
Q

What is the primary soil type in New York’s Long Island AVA?

A

Sandy loam, providing excellent drainage.

109
Q

What is the significance of the Hudson River Region AVA in New York?

A

Known for cold-hardy hybrids like Seyval Blanc and Baco Noir.

110
Q

What is the primary style of Riesling from the Finger Lakes?

A

High-acid, aromatic wines with citrus, stone fruit, and floral notes.

111
Q

What is the significance of Dr. Konstantin Frank in Finger Lakes winemaking?

A

Introduced vinifera grape cultivation to the region in the 1950s.

112
Q

What is the largest AVA in New York State?

A

Lake Erie AVA.

113
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Long Island AVA?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Chardonnay.

114
Q

What is the climate influence on Finger Lakes vineyards?

A

The deep lakes moderate temperatures, reducing frost risk and extending the growing season.

115
Q

What is the role of hybrid grapes like Vidal Blanc in New York?

A

Used for ice wine and other cold-hardy wines.

116
Q

What distinguishes wines from North Fork of Long Island AVA?

A

Elegant reds and whites with moderate alcohol and bright acidity.

117
Q

What is a notable producer in the Finger Lakes?

A

Hermann J. Wiemer, known for its Riesling.

118
Q

What is the significance of the Niagara Escarpment AVA?

A

A small AVA producing cool-climate wines, particularly from Riesling and Pinot Noir.

119
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Finger Lakes Rieslings?

A

10–12.5%.

120
Q

What is the largest AVA in Virginia?

A

Shenandoah Valley AVA.

121
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape in Virginia?

A

Chardonnay.

122
Q

What is the role of Viognier in Virginia winemaking?

A

Officially designated as Virginia’s signature white grape variety.

123
Q

What is a notable producer in Virginia?

A

Barboursville Vineyards, known for Octagon, a Bordeaux-style blend.

124
Q

What is the climate of Virginia wine regions?

A

Humid subtropical, with hot summers and moderate rainfall.

125
Q

What is the significance of the Monticello AVA?

A

Named after Thomas Jefferson’s estate, known for high-quality Viognier and Cabernet Franc.

126
Q

What is the primary soil type in Virginia vineyards?

A

Clay and granite-based soils.

127
Q

What is the typical style of Cabernet Franc from Virginia?

A

Medium-bodied, with red fruit, herbal notes, and moderate tannins.

128
Q

What is the average annual rainfall in Virginia’s wine regions?

A

40–50 inches.

129
Q

What grape varieties are used for sparkling wine production in Virginia?

A

Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Petit Manseng.

130
Q

What is the largest AVA in Texas?

A

Texas Hill Country AVA.

131
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Texas?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

132
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Texas High Plains AVA?

A

Tempranillo, Mourvèdre, and Viognier.

133
Q

What is the climate of Texas High Plains AVA?

A

Semi-arid, with cool nights and hot days.

134
Q

What is a notable producer in Texas?

A

William Chris Vineyards, known for its Texas High Plains Tempranillo.

135
Q

What is the significance of Mediterranean varieties in Texas winemaking?

A

They are better suited to Texas’ hot, dry climate than traditional Bordeaux varieties.

136
Q

What is the role of elevation in Texas vineyards?

A

Higher elevations in Texas High Plains AVA help moderate temperatures.

137
Q

What is the primary style of Viognier from Texas?

A

Full-bodied, with stone fruit and floral aromatics.

138
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in Texas wine regions?

A

85–95°F.

139
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Fredericksburg AVA?

A

Ripe, fruit-forward reds and aromatic whites.

140
Q

What is the primary grape of Michigan’s Old Mission Peninsula AVA?

A

Riesling.

141
Q

What distinguishes wines from Wisconsin’s Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA?

A

Cold-hardy hybrids like Marquette and Frontenac.

142
Q

What is the role of hybrid varieties in Minnesota winemaking?

A

Essential for surviving harsh winters, with varieties like La Crescent and Frontenac.

143
Q

What is a notable producer in Ohio?

A

Ferrante Winery, known for Riesling and Vidal Blanc.

144
Q

What is the significance of the Missouri River Valley for U.S. winemaking history?

A

Home to America’s first AVA, Augusta AVA, established in 1980.

145
Q

What grape is used for sweet and sparkling wines in Indiana’s wine regions?

A

Traminette.

146
Q

What is the largest AVA in Michigan?

A

Lake Michigan Shore AVA.

147
Q

What is the climate of Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie AVA?

A

Cool-climate, moderated by the lake, suitable for hybrids and some vinifera varieties.

148
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Idaho’s Snake River Valley AVA?

A

Syrah, Viognier, and Riesling.

149
Q

What is a notable producer in Idaho?

A

Cinder Wines, known for its aromatic whites and Rhône-style reds.

150
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Snake River Valley AVA in Idaho?

A

Aromatic whites like Riesling and Viognier, and medium-bodied reds like Syrah.

151
Q

What is the main soil type in Snake River Valley AVA?

A

Volcanic ash and loess, contributing to minerality in the wines.

152
Q

What is a notable producer in Idaho’s Snake River Valley?

A

Ste. Chapelle Winery, known for Riesling and Syrah.

153
Q

What is the largest AVA in Washington State?

A

Columbia Valley AVA.

154
Q

What is the primary role of the Cascade Mountains in Pacific Northwest viticulture?

A

Creates a rain shadow effect, leading to dry, sunny growing conditions east of the Cascades.

155
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Yakima Valley AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

156
Q

What is the significance of Red Willow Vineyard in Yakima Valley?

A

It’s where Syrah was first planted in Washington in 1986.

157
Q

What is the annual rainfall in Red Mountain AVA?

A

Less than 6 inches, requiring irrigation.

158
Q

What is a notable producer in Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Quilceda Creek, known for its high-end Cabernet Sauvignon.

159
Q

What is the primary style of Riesling from Ancient Lakes AVA?

A

High-acid, mineral-driven with citrus and green apple notes.

160
Q

What is the significance of Evergreen Vineyard in Ancient Lakes AVA?

A

A premier vineyard for Riesling and Sauvignon Blanc.

161
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Syrah from Walla Walla Valley?

A

13.5–15%.

162
Q

What is the role of wind in the Horse Heaven Hills AVA?

A

Reduces disease pressure and enhances grape concentration.

163
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Columbia Gorge AVA?

A

Chardonnay.

164
Q

What is the annual average growing season temperature in Washington’s Columbia Valley?

A

85–95°F, ideal for ripening red grapes like Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah.

165
Q

What is the role of the Van Duzer Corridor in Willamette Valley?

A

Brings cool marine air into the valley, enhancing acidity and slowing ripening.

166
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Ribbon Ridge AVA?

A

Pinot Noir.

167
Q

What distinguishes wines from McMinnville AVA?

A

Structured Pinot Noir with darker fruit and savory herbal notes.

168
Q

What is a notable producer in Dundee Hills AVA?

A

Domaine Drouhin, producing Burgundian-style Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

169
Q

What is the climate of Rogue Valley AVA?

A

Warmer than Willamette Valley, suitable for Rhône and Bordeaux varieties.

170
Q

What is the primary style of Viognier from Southern Oregon?

A

Aromatic, full-bodied whites with stone fruit and floral notes.

171
Q

What is the significance of Cristom Vineyards in Eola-Amity Hills AVA?

A

Known for premium, terroir-driven Pinot Noir.

172
Q

What is the smallest AVA in Oregon?

A

Ribbon Ridge AVA.

173
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Snake River Valley AVA on the Oregon side?

A

Aromatic whites and medium-bodied reds, similar to the Idaho side.

174
Q

What is a notable producer in Chehalem Mountains AVA?

A

Adelsheim Vineyard, known for its elegant Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

175
Q

What is the most widely planted hybrid grape in New York State?

A

Concord, primarily used for juice and sweet wines.

176
Q

What is the largest AVA in New York State?

A

Lake Erie AVA.

177
Q

What is the primary climate influence on Finger Lakes vineyards?

A

Deep glacial lakes that moderate temperatures and reduce frost risk.

178
Q

What is the role of the Niagara Escarpment in New York viticulture?

A

Creates a favorable microclimate for cool-climate viticulture.

179
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Riesling from Finger Lakes?

A

10–12.5%.

180
Q

What are the two largest lakes influencing Finger Lakes vineyards?

A

Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake.

181
Q

What is a notable producer in the Finger Lakes AVA?

A

Ravines Wine Cellars, known for dry Riesling.

182
Q

What is the significance of Hermann J. Wiemer in the Finger Lakes?

A

A pioneer in producing world-class Riesling in the region.

183
Q

What is the primary style of Cabernet Franc from Finger Lakes?

A

Medium-bodied, with red fruit and herbal notes.

184
Q

What is the typical residual sugar range for semi-dry Riesling from Finger Lakes?

A

10–30 g/L.

185
Q

What is the primary soil type in the Finger Lakes AVA?

A

Glacial till and shale, contributing to minerality.

186
Q

What is the role of hybrid varieties like Vidal Blanc in the Finger Lakes?

A

Used for ice wine production.

187
Q

What is the average annual growing degree days in the Finger Lakes?

A

Around 2,300, suitable for cool-climate grapes.

188
Q

What is the primary red grape variety of the Finger Lakes?

A

Cabernet Franc.

189
Q

What is a notable producer of sparkling wine in the Finger Lakes?

A

Dr. Konstantin Frank Winery.

190
Q

What is the primary grape variety of North Fork of Long Island AVA?

A

Merlot.

191
Q

What is the primary style of Chardonnay from Long Island?

A

Bright and mineral-driven, often lightly oaked.

192
Q

What distinguishes South Fork of Long Island AVA?

A

Focuses on elegant reds and whites, similar to North Fork.

193
Q

What is a notable producer in North Fork of Long Island AVA?

A

Bedell Cellars.

194
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in Long Island?

A

Around 70°F, moderated by maritime influence.

195
Q

What is the primary hybrid grape variety in Hudson River Region AVA?

A

Seyval Blanc.

196
Q

What is the climate influence of the Hudson River on vineyards?

A

Moderates temperatures, extending the growing season.

197
Q

What is a notable producer in the Hudson River Region AVA?

A

Millbrook Vineyards, known for Tocai Friulano and Chardonnay.

198
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Hudson River Region AVA?

A

Aromatic whites and light reds from hybrids and vinifera varieties.

199
Q

What is the primary grape for sparkling wine production in Long Island?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, made in the traditional method.

Advanced Sommelier (24 decks)

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