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Advanced Sommelier > South America > Flashcards

South America Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most widely planted red grape variety in Chile?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

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2
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape variety in Chile?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

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3
Q

What is the role of the Andes Mountains in Chilean viticulture?

A

Provides cooling influences, high-altitude vineyards, and snowmelt for irrigation.

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4
Q

What is the role of the Humboldt Current in Chilean wine regions?

A

Cools coastal vineyards, preserving acidity and freshness.

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5
Q

What is the largest wine-producing region in Chile?

A

The Central Valley.

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6
Q

What is the labeling law for regional origin in Chile?

A

At least 75% of the grapes must come from the stated region.

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7
Q

What is the minimum percentage of a single variety required for varietal labeling in Chile?

A

75%, though many producers follow the 85% standard for export.

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8
Q

What is the DO (Denomination of Origin) system in Chile?

A

A geographical classification system similar to France’s AOC.

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9
Q

What is the significance of Carmenère in Chilean winemaking?

A

Mistakenly thought to be Merlot until rediscovered in the 1990s; now a signature variety.

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10
Q

What are the three geographical zones used in Chilean wine labeling?

A
  • Costa (Coast) * Andes (Andes) * Entre Cordilleras (Between the Mountains)
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11
Q

What is the primary grape of Aconcagua Valley?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

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12
Q

What is the climate of Aconcagua Valley?

A

Warm and dry, with cooling influences from the Andes.

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13
Q

What is a notable producer in Aconcagua Valley?

A

Viña Errázuriz, known for Bordeaux blends and Syrah.

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14
Q

What kinds of wines cone from Casablanca Valley?

A

Cool-climate whites like Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay, and elegant Pinot Noir.

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15
Q

What is a notable producer in Casablanca Valley?

A

Matetic Vineyards, known for biodynamic practices and cool-climate varieties.

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16
Q

What is the climate of San Antonio Valley?

A

Cool and windy, influenced by proximity to the Pacific Ocean.

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17
Q

What is the primary grape of Leyda Valley, a subregion of San Antonio Valley?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, known for its herbaceous and citrus-driven profile.

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18
Q

What is the role of fog in San Antonio and Casablanca valleys?

A

Delays ripening, preserving acidity and aromatics in white wines.

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19
Q

What is the primary grape of Maipo Valley?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

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20
Q

What is the climate of Maipo Valley?

A

Warm and dry, with cooling breezes from the Andes.

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21
Q

What is a notable producer in Maipo Valley?

A

Concha y Toro, one of Chile’s largest and most renowned wineries.

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22
Q

What is the significance of Alto Maipo?

A

Known for high-elevation vineyards producing structured, age-worthy Cabernet Sauvignon.

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23
Q

What are the two subregions of Rapel Valley?

A
  • Colchagua Valley * Cachapoal Valley
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24
Q

What is the primary grape of Colchagua Valley?

A

Carmenère, along with Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah.

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25
Q

What is a notable producer in Colchagua Valley?

A

Casa Lapostolle, known for its Clos Apalta blend.

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26
Q

What kinds of wines are Cachapoal Valley wines?

A

Rich reds, particularly from Carmenère and Cabernet Sauvignon.

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27
Q

What is the climate of Colchagua Valley?

A

Mediterranean, with warm days and cool nights.

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28
Q

What is the significance of Apalta in Colchagua Valley?

A

A premium subregion producing some of Chile’s finest wines.

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29
Q

What distinguishes Curicó Valley?

A

Known for affordable, fruit-forward wines and experimental varieties.

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30
Q

What is the primary grape of Maule Valley?

A

País, used historically, but also known for Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan.

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31
Q

What is the role of old-vine Carignan in Maule Valley?

A

Produces concentrated, age-worthy reds with high acidity.

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32
Q

What is a notable producer in Maule Valley?

A

De Martino, known for sustainable practices and old-vine Carignan.

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33
Q

What is the climate of Maule Valley?

A

Warm and dry, with a large diurnal range.

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34
Q

What is the historical significance of País in Chile?

A

Brought by Spanish missionaries in the 16th century, historically used for bulk wine.

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35
Q

What is the primary grape of Itata Valley?

A

País and Moscatel de Alejandría.

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36
Q

What distinguishes wines from Itata Valley?

A

Focus on natural and minimal-intervention wines from old vines.

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37
Q

What is a notable producer in Itata Valley?

A

Cacique Maravilla, known for artisanal wines made from País.

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38
Q

What is the role of granite soils in Itata Valley?

A

Provides excellent drainage, ideal for old-vine dry farming.

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39
Q

What is the primary grape of Bío-Bío Valley?

A

Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc.

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40
Q

What is the climate of Bío-Bío Valley?

A

Cool and windy, with significant rainfall compared to northern regions.

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41
Q

What styles of wines come from Malleco Valley?

A

High-acid whites like Chardonnay and aromatic Pinot Noir.

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42
Q

What is a notable producer in Malleco Valley?

A

Viña Aquitania, known for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

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43
Q

What is the purpose of dry farming in Chile?

A

Promotes concentrated flavors in grapes by relying on natural rainfall.

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44
Q

What is the role of large producers like Concha y Toro in Chilean wine?

A

Spearheading export growth and quality improvements.

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45
Q

What is the significance of Viña Montes?

A

A pioneering winery in the Colchagua Valley, known for high-end Carmenère and Syrah.

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46
Q

What is the typical style of Syrah from Chile?

A

Full-bodied with dark fruit, pepper, and floral notes, often with a smoky character.

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47
Q

What is the role of biodynamic viticulture in Chile?

A

Increasingly adopted by producers like Emiliana and Matetic for sustainable winegrowing.

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48
Q

What is the minimum aging requirement for Chilean Gran Reserva wines?

A

There is no legal aging requirement; the term refers to wines of higher quality with a specific oak treatment.

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49
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘Sustainability Code’ in Chile?

A

To certify environmentally, socially, and economically responsible wine production practices.

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50
Q

What is the largest export market for Chilean wines?

A

China.

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51
Q

What percentage of Chile’s vineyards are certified sustainable?

A

Over 80%.

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52
Q

What is the role of the Andes Mountains in Carmenère production?

A

The cool mountain air moderates temperatures, preserving acidity in the grapes.

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53
Q

What is the historical significance of Chile being phylloxera-free?

A

Its isolation and strict agricultural regulations have protected vineyards from the phylloxera pest.

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54
Q

What is the primary wine style of País in modern Chilean winemaking?

A

Often used for natural, low-intervention, and sparkling wines.

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55
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in the Central Valley?

A

70–75°F (21–24°C).

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56
Q

What is the importance of drip irrigation in Chilean vineyards?

A

Allows precise water management in arid regions.

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57
Q

What are the most planted grape varieties in Chile’s coastal regions?

A
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Noir
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58
Q

What is the primary red blend style in Aconcagua Valley?

A

Bordeaux-style blends dominated by Cabernet Sauvignon.

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59
Q

What is the role of the Aconcagua River in vineyard irrigation?

A

Provides essential water for vines in the arid valley.

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60
Q

What is a notable vineyard in Aconcagua Valley?

A

Don Maximiano Estate, owned by Viña Errázuriz.

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61
Q

What is the significance of ‘Seña’?

A

A premium Bordeaux-style blend co-created by Eduardo Chadwick and Robert Mondavi.

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62
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Aconcagua Valley?

A

Rich, full-bodied wines with dark fruit, spice, and smoky undertones.

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63
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Sauvignon Blanc from Casablanca Valley?

A

12–13.5%.

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64
Q

What is the role of canopy management in Casablanca Valley?

A

Protects grapes from excessive sun exposure while ensuring airflow.

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65
Q

What is a notable producer of cool-climate wines in Casablanca Valley?

A

Veramonte.

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66
Q

What distinguishes Chardonnay from Casablanca Valley?

A

Bright acidity with citrus, tropical fruit, and subtle oak influence.

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67
Q

What is the significance of the coastal fog in Casablanca Valley?

A

Delays ripening, preserving acidity in white and Pinot Noir grapes.

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68
Q

What is the historical significance of Maipo Valley?

A

It is the birthplace of Chile’s modern wine industry.

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69
Q

What distinguishes Cabernet Sauvignon from Alto Maipo?

A

Structured and age-worthy with notes of cassis, mint, and graphite.

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70
Q

What is a notable vineyard in Alto Maipo?

A

Puente Alto, home to iconic wines like Viñedo Chadwick.

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71
Q

What is the primary white grape in Maipo Valley?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

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72
Q

What is a notable producer of Maipo Valley Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Santa Rita, known for its 120 and Casa Real ranges.

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73
Q

What is the primary climate influence in Colchagua Valley?

A

Cooling breezes from the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.

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74
Q

What is a notable subregion within Colchagua Valley?

A

Los Lingues, known for high-elevation Syrah and Carmenère.

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75
Q

What is the primary soil type in Cachapoal Valley?

A

Alluvial soils with good drainage.

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76
Q

What is the average annual rainfall in Rapel Valley?

A

14–20 inches (350–500 mm).

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77
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Colchagua Valley?

A

Bold and fruit-forward with black pepper and violet notes.

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78
Q

What is the role of dry-farmed old vines in Maule Valley?

A

Produces concentrated wines with intense flavors and natural acidity.

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79
Q

What is a notable producer of Carignan in Maule Valley?

A

Garage Wine Co., known for its handcrafted small-batch wines.

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80
Q

What is the climate of Curicó Valley?

A

Mediterranean with warm days and cool nights.

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81
Q

What is a notable cooperative winery in Maule Valley?

A

Miguel Torres Chile, known for innovation and sustainability.

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82
Q

What is the primary style of País wines from Maule Valley?

A

Light-bodied with bright red fruit and earthy notes.

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83
Q

What is the historical significance of Itata Valley?

A

One of Chile’s oldest wine regions, dating back to the 16th century.

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84
Q

What is the primary training system used for old vines in Itata Valley?

A

Gobelet (bush vine).

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85
Q

What is the typical style of Moscatel de Alejandría from Itata Valley?

A

Aromatic and often used for sparkling or fortified wines.

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86
Q

What is a notable producer in Itata Valley?

A

Roberto Henríquez, known for natural País and Cinsault wines.

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87
Q

What distinguishes Cinsault from Itata Valley?

A

Fresh, light-bodied, and aromatic reds with red fruit and floral notes.

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88
Q

What is the role of rainfall in Bío-Bío Valley viticulture?

A

Higher rainfall creates challenges, making disease-resistant varieties essential.

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89
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Malleco Valley?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Noir
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90
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Chardonnay from Bío-Bío Valley?

A

12–13%.

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91
Q

What is the significance of volcanic soils in Malleco Valley?

A

Adds complexity and minerality to the wines.

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92
Q

What is a notable producer in Bío-Bío Valley?

A

Pandolfi Price, known for premium Chardonnay.

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93
Q

What is the purpose of concrete egg fermentation in Chilean winemaking?

A

Enhances texture and preserves purity of fruit without oak influence.

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94
Q

What is the role of amphorae in Chilean natural winemaking?

A

Used to ferment and age wines while preserving minerality and freshness.

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95
Q

What is the typical oak aging period for premium Carmenère?

A

12–18 months.

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96
Q

What is a notable producer of biodynamic wines in Chile?

A

Emiliana, known for Coyam and Gê blends.

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97
Q

What is the role of co-fermentation in Chilean Syrah blends?

A

Adds aromatic complexity and integrates tannins, often with Viognier.

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98
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Argentina?

A

Malbec.

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99
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape variety in Argentina?

A

Torrontés Riojano.

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100
Q

What are the three most important wine-producing provinces in Argentina?

A
  • Mendoza
  • San Juan
  • La Rioja.
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101
Q

What is the role of the Andes Mountains in Argentine viticulture?

A

Provides irrigation water from snowmelt and creates high-altitude vineyards with large diurnal temperature ranges.

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102
Q

What is the primary climate of Argentina’s wine regions?

A

Continental, with arid and semi-arid conditions.

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103
Q

What is the labeling law for varietal wines in Argentina?

A

At least 85% of the stated variety must be in the wine.

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104
Q

What is the altitude range of vineyards in Argentina?

A

600 to over 3,000 meters above sea level.

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105
Q

What is the significance of the Zonda wind in Argentine vineyards?

A

A hot, dry wind that reduces disease pressure but can stress vines.

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106
Q

What percentage of Argentina’s wine production is exported?

A

Around 20–30%.

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107
Q

What is the primary training system used in traditional Argentine vineyards?

A

Pergola (Parral) system, particularly for Torrontés.

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108
Q

What percentage of Argentina’s wine is produced in Mendoza?

A

Approximately 75%.

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109
Q

What are the three key subregions of Mendoza?

A
  • Luján de Cuyo
  • Maipú
  • Uco Valley.
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110
Q

What is the primary style of Malbec from Luján de Cuyo?

A

Rich, full-bodied, with dark fruit, violet, and soft tannins.

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111
Q

What is the significance of Maipú in Mendoza?

A

Known for its historic vineyards and full-bodied reds.

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112
Q

What is the climate of Mendoza?

A

Semi-arid, with warm days and cool nights.

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113
Q

What is the primary soil type in Uco Valley?

A

Alluvial soils with sand, silt, and gravel.

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114
Q

What distinguishes Malbec from Uco Valley compared to Luján de Cuyo?

A

More structured and mineral-driven, with higher acidity.

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115
Q

What is the role of altitude in Uco Valley vineyards?

A

Elevations up to 1,500 meters provide cool temperatures and longer ripening periods.

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116
Q

What is a notable producer in Uco Valley?

A

Zuccardi, known for terroir-driven Malbec and blends.

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117
Q

What is the primary style of white wines from Uco Valley?

A

High-acid, mineral-driven whites from Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.

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118
Q

What is the primary grape variety of San Juan?

A

Syrah, followed by Bonarda and Malbec.

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119
Q

What distinguishes San Juan from Mendoza?

A

Hotter and drier, with a focus on fortified and table wines in addition to premium reds.

120
Q

What is the significance of Tulum Valley in San Juan?

A

Known for high-quality Syrah and fortified wines.

121
Q

What is a notable producer in San Juan?

A

Bodegas Callia, known for Syrah.

122
Q

What is the role of irrigation in San Juan vineyards?

A

Essential due to the region’s arid climate.

123
Q

What is the primary grape of La Rioja?

A

Torrontés Riojano.

124
Q

What is the typical style of Torrontés from La Rioja?

A

Aromatic, with floral and citrus notes, and moderate acidity.

125
Q

What is the altitude range of vineyards in La Rioja?

A

600–1,000 meters above sea level.

126
Q

What is a notable producer in La Rioja?

A

Cooperativa La Riojana, a major exporter of organic Torrontés.

127
Q

What is the role of sustainable practices in La Rioja?

A

Many producers focus on organic and fair-trade certifications.

128
Q

What are the two key provinces of Patagonia?

A
  • Río Negro
  • Neuquén.
129
Q

What is the climate of Patagonia?

A

Cool and windy, with low humidity and high diurnal temperature variation.

130
Q

What is the primary red grape variety of Patagonia?

A

Malbec, followed by Pinot Noir.

131
Q

What is the primary white grape variety of Patagonia?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay.

132
Q

What is a notable producer in Patagonia?

A

Bodega Chacra, known for biodynamic Pinot Noir.

133
Q

What distinguishes Malbec from Patagonia compared to Mendoza?

A

Lighter, more elegant, with higher acidity and red fruit notes.

134
Q

What is the role of wind in Patagonia vineyards?

A

Reduces disease pressure and thickens grape skins, adding structure to wines.

135
Q

What is the primary style of Pinot Noir from Patagonia?

A

Elegant, with bright red fruit, earthiness, and balanced acidity.

136
Q

What is a notable sparkling wine producer in Patagonia?

A

Bodega Del Fin del Mundo.

137
Q

What is the significance of Río Negro for Argentine viticulture?

A

One of Argentina’s oldest wine regions, producing high-quality cool-climate wines.

138
Q

What is the primary grape of Cafayate Valley?

A

Torrontés Riojano.

139
Q

What is the altitude of vineyards in Cafayate Valley?

A

1,600–3,000 meters above sea level.

140
Q

What is a notable producer in Cafayate Valley?

A

El Esteco, known for Torrontés and Malbec.

141
Q

What distinguishes Torrontés from Cafayate Valley?

A

Intensely aromatic, with tropical fruit and floral notes balanced by vibrant acidity.

142
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Torrontés from Cafayate Valley?

A

12.5–14%.

143
Q

What is the purpose of concrete eggs in Argentine winemaking?

A

Enhances texture and preserves purity of fruit without oak influence.

144
Q

What is the typical oak aging period for premium Malbec?

A

12–18 months in French or American oak.

145
Q

What is the significance of the Catena family in Argentine winemaking?

A

Pioneers of high-altitude viticulture and international recognition of Argentine Malbec.

146
Q

What is the role of co-fermentation in Argentine Syrah blends?

A

Adds aromatic complexity and integrates tannins, often with Viognier.

147
Q

What is the average annual rainfall in Argentina’s wine regions?

A

200–400 mm, requiring irrigation.

148
Q

What percentage of Argentina’s vineyards are planted with Malbec?

A

Approximately 23%

Malbec is the flagship grape variety of Argentina.

149
Q

What is the most planted red grape variety in Argentina after Malbec?

A

Bonarda (also known as Douce Noir)

Bonarda has gained popularity due to its quality and versatility.

150
Q

What is the second most widely planted white grape in Argentina?

A

Chardonnay

Chardonnay is valued for its adaptability to various climates.

151
Q

What is the main classification system for Argentine wines?

A

IG (Indicación Geográfica), DOC (Denominación de Origen Controlada), and IP (Indicación de Procedencia)

These classifications help ensure quality and origin.

152
Q

What is the oldest DOC in Argentina?

A

Luján de Cuyo DOC, established in 1993

This DOC is crucial for Malbec production.

153
Q

What are the three primary Torrontés varieties grown in Argentina?

A
  • Torrontés Riojano
  • Torrontés Sanjuanino
  • Torrontés Mendocino

Each variety has distinct flavor profiles and growing conditions.

154
Q

What is the average elevation of vineyards in Mendoza?

A

Between 600 and 1,100 meters above sea level

Higher elevations contribute to the unique characteristics of the wines.

155
Q

What is the average annual sunshine hours in Argentina’s wine regions?

A

3,000 hours

Abundant sunlight aids in grape ripening.

156
Q

What is the purpose of flood irrigation in traditional Argentine viticulture?

A

It helps replenish soils and maintain vine health in arid conditions

Flood irrigation is vital in dry regions.

157
Q

What is the role of anti-hail nets in Argentine vineyards?

A

Protects vines from frequent hailstorms in high-altitude regions

Hail can severely damage crops, making these nets essential.

158
Q

What percentage of Argentina’s total wine production comes from Mendoza?

A

Over 70%

Mendoza is the heart of Argentine wine production.

159
Q

What is the primary soil composition in Mendoza?

A

Alluvial soils with sand, clay, and gravel

These soils provide good drainage and nutrients.

160
Q

What is a notable producer in Luján de Cuyo DOC?

A

Catena Zapata

Known for pioneering high-quality Malbec.

161
Q

What is the altitude range for vineyards in Luján de Cuyo?

A

800 to 1,100 meters above sea level

This altitude influences the wine’s characteristics.

162
Q

What is the role of the Tunuyán River in Uco Valley?

A

Provides irrigation for vineyards in the valley

Water management is crucial in this arid region.

163
Q

What is a notable subregion of Uco Valley?

A

Gualtallary, known for high-altitude Malbec with minerality and bright acidity

The unique terroir contributes to the wine’s profile.

164
Q

What distinguishes Cabernet Franc from Uco Valley?

A

Elegant, with high acidity, red fruit, and herbal notes

Uco Valley’s climate enhances these characteristics.

165
Q

What is a notable producer in Uco Valley’s Paraje Altamira?

A

Zuccardi, known for its terroir-driven wines

They emphasize the unique characteristics of their vineyards.

166
Q

What is the primary white grape of Tupungato in Uco Valley?

A

Chardonnay

Chardonnay from this region is known for its quality.

167
Q

What distinguishes Chardonnay from Uco Valley?

A

High-acid, mineral-driven, with citrus and stone fruit notes

The region’s climate greatly influences these flavors.

168
Q

What is the most important subregion of San Juan for quality wine?

A

Pedernal Valley

This area is gaining recognition for its wine quality.

169
Q

What is the primary grape of Pedernal Valley?

A

Malbec, known for its intense fruit and high acidity

The region’s conditions favor Malbec production.

170
Q

What is the typical climate of San Juan?

A

Hot and dry, with large diurnal temperature ranges

The climate significantly impacts the grape growing process.

171
Q

What is a notable producer in San Juan?

A

Pyros Wines, known for high-altitude Malbec

They focus on quality and unique terroirs.

172
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from San Juan compared to Mendoza?

A

More fruit-forward with softer tannins

The terroir influences Syrah’s expression.

173
Q

What is the climate of La Rioja?

A

Arid, with long, hot days and cool nights

This climate is favorable for grape ripening.

174
Q

What is the primary use of Torrontés Riojano in La Rioja?

A

Dry, aromatic white wines

Torrontés is a signature grape of Argentina.

175
Q

What is a notable organic producer in La Rioja?

A

La Riojana Cooperative, focused on Torrontés and Bonarda

They emphasize sustainable practices.

176
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Torrontés Riojano from La Rioja?

A

12–13.5%

This range is common for dry white wines.

177
Q

What is the role of organic certification in La Rioja wine production?

A

Many producers aim for sustainability and organic practices due to limited rainfall

Organic methods help conserve water resources.

178
Q

What percentage of Argentina’s total wine production comes from Patagonia?

A

Approximately 5%

Patagonia is a developing wine region with unique characteristics.

179
Q

What are the key regions within Patagonia?

A
  • Río Negro
  • Neuquén
  • Chubut

Each region has distinct climates and grape varieties.

180
Q

What is the significance of Río Negro for sparkling wine production?

A

Cool climate and high acidity make it ideal for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

The conditions are favorable for quality sparkling wines.

181
Q

What distinguishes Malbec from Neuquén compared to Mendoza?

A

Fresher and more elegant, with red fruit and floral notes

Neuquén’s climate contributes to these unique characteristics.

182
Q

What is a notable producer in Río Negro?

A

Bodega Chacra, known for biodynamic Pinot Noir

They focus on sustainable and organic practices.

183
Q

What is the climate of Chubut?

A

Extremely cool, with one of the southernmost vineyards in the world

The climate influences the grapes grown in this region.

184
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Chubut?

A
  • Chardonnay
  • Riesling
  • Pinot Noir

The cool climate favors these varieties.

185
Q

What distinguishes sparkling wines from Chubut?

A

Crisp, mineral-driven, with high acidity

These characteristics are ideal for sparkling wine production.

186
Q

What is a notable producer in Chubut?

A

Otronia, known for its cool-climate Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

They emphasize the unique terroir of Chubut.

187
Q

What is the role of wind in Chubut vineyards?

A

Reduces disease pressure and enhances grape skin thickness

Wind plays a crucial role in maintaining vine health.

188
Q

What percentage of Torrontés production comes from Salta?

A

Over 50%

Salta is renowned for its high-quality Torrontés.

189
Q

What distinguishes Malbec from Cafayate Valley?

A

Concentrated and bold, with black fruit and spice

Cafayate’s altitude and climate influence these flavors.

190
Q

What is the significance of El Esteco in Cafayate?

A

A historic winery producing premium Torrontés and Malbec

They are known for quality and tradition.

191
Q

What is the altitude range of vineyards in Salta?

A

1,600 to over 3,000 meters

The high altitude contributes to the unique characteristics of the wines.

192
Q

What is the typical residual sugar range for Torrontés from Salta?

A

Often dry, with less than 5 g/L

This low residual sugar is typical for quality Torrontés.

193
Q

What is the significance of concrete eggs in Argentine winemaking?

A

Enhances texture and preserves fruit purity in whites and reds

Concrete eggs are becoming popular for fermentation.

194
Q

What is the role of micro-oxygenation in Malbec production?

A

Softens tannins and enhances mouthfeel

This technique is commonly used in premium wine production.

195
Q

What is the average aging period for premium Argentine Malbec in oak?

A

12–18 months

Aging in oak adds complexity to the wine.

196
Q

What is the significance of high-altitude winemaking in Argentina?

A

Promotes freshness, acidity, and concentration in wines

High altitude affects grape development positively.

197
Q

What is a notable producer known for biodynamic practices in Argentina?

A

Domaine Bousquet, focusing on organic and biodynamic Malbec

They emphasize sustainability and quality.

198
Q

What are the primary wine-producing countries in South America outside Argentina and Chile?

A

Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

199
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Brazil?

A

Isabel, a hybrid variety.

200
Q

What is the most widely planted vinifera grape in Uruguay?

A

Tannat.

201
Q

What is the primary grape variety used for winemaking in Peru?

A

Quebranta, a Pisco grape.

202
Q

What is the average altitude of vineyards in Bolivia?

A

1,600 to over 3,000 meters above sea level.

203
Q

What is the role of the Atlantic Ocean in Brazilian wine regions?

A

Provides cooling breezes, moderating the warm, humid climate.

204
Q

What is the largest wine-producing region in Brazil?

A

Serra Gaúcha.

205
Q

What is the primary sparkling wine style produced in Brazil?

A

Traditional method sparkling wines made from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

206
Q

What percentage of Uruguay’s total vineyards are planted with Tannat?

A

Approximately 25%.

207
Q

What is the significance of Pisco in Peru?

A

A traditional distilled spirit made from aromatic and non-aromatic grapes.

208
Q

What are the two main wine-producing regions of Brazil?

A

Serra Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco.

209
Q

What is the primary climate of Brazil’s wine regions?

A

Subtropical to tropical, with high humidity.

210
Q

What is a notable producer in Serra Gaúcha?

A

Miolo Wine Group, known for sparkling wines and fine reds.

211
Q

What is the primary style of wines produced in Vale dos Vinhedos DO?

A

Sparkling wines and red blends.

212
Q

What is the role of altitude in Brazilian vineyards?

A

Higher altitudes help mitigate the warm climate and preserve acidity.

213
Q

What is the most important wine style produced in Brazil?

A

Sparkling wine, accounting for a large share of fine wine production.

214
Q

What is the role of the Charmat method in Brazilian sparkling wine production?

A

Produces fresh, fruity sparkling wines in a cost-effective way.

215
Q

What is the primary grape variety for sparkling wines in Brazil?

A

Chardonnay, often blended with Pinot Noir.

216
Q

What is a notable producer of traditional method sparkling wines in Brazil?

A

Casa Valduga.

217
Q

What is the climate influence on sparkling wines from Serra Gaúcha?

A

Cooler temperatures promote high acidity, ideal for sparkling wine production.

218
Q

What distinguishes Vale do São Francisco wines?

A

Tropical wines with two harvests per year due to the region’s warm climate.

219
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Syrah, Moscato, and Cabernet Sauvignon.

220
Q

What is the annual rainfall in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Approximately 400–800 mm, requiring irrigation.

221
Q

What is a notable producer in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Vinícola Rio Sol, known for tropical red and sparkling wines.

222
Q

What distinguishes tropical viticulture in Brazil?

A

Year-round growing seasons and multiple harvests annually.

223
Q

What is the signature grape of Uruguay?

A

Tannat, introduced by Basque immigrants in the 19th century.

224
Q

What percentage of Uruguay’s vineyards are located in Canelones?

A

Over 60%.

225
Q

What is the climate of Uruguay’s wine regions?

A

Maritime, with moderate temperatures and significant rainfall.

226
Q

What is the role of the Río de la Plata in Uruguayan viticulture?

A

Provides cooling breezes that moderate the warm, humid climate.

227
Q

What is the primary soil type in Uruguay?

A

Clay-based soils, ideal for Tannat and other red varieties.

228
Q

What is the typical style of Tannat from Uruguay?

A

Medium- to full-bodied, with dark fruit, earthy notes, and firm tannins.

229
Q

What is the significance of blending Tannat with Merlot in Uruguay?

A

Softens Tannat’s tannins and enhances fruit expression.

230
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Tannat from Uruguay?

A

12.5–14.5%.

231
Q

What is a notable producer in Canelones?

A

Bodega Garzón, known for premium Tannat and Albariño.

232
Q

What is the role of barrel aging in Uruguayan Tannat production?

A

Softens tannins and adds complexity with vanilla and spice notes.

233
Q

What is the second most planted grape variety in Uruguay?

A

Merlot.

234
Q

What is the primary white grape variety in Uruguay?

A

Albariño.

235
Q

What is the typical style of Albariño from Uruguay?

A

Fresh, aromatic, and mineral-driven with citrus and stone fruit notes.

236
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Uruguay compared to other regions?

A

Elegant and peppery, with moderate alcohol and acidity.

237
Q

What is the role of sustainable viticulture in Uruguay?

A

Many producers focus on low-intervention farming to adapt to the humid climate.

238
Q

What is the primary wine-producing region in Bolivia?

A

Tarija.

239
Q

What is the significance of altitude in Bolivian vineyards?

A

Vineyards are among the highest in the world, often exceeding 2,000 meters.

240
Q

What is the primary red grape grown in Bolivia?

A

Muscat of Alexandria, often used for fortified and table wines.

241
Q

What is a notable producer in Bolivia?

A

Campos de Solana, known for high-altitude wines.

242
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Bolivian vineyards?

A

Concentrated fruit with high acidity due to the cool, high-altitude conditions.

243
Q

What is the primary use of grapes in Peru?

A

Pisco production, with limited fine wine production.

244
Q

What are the most common grapes for Pisco in Peru?

A

Quebranta, Torontel, and Italia.

245
Q

What is a notable wine producer in Peru?

A

Tacama, known for producing both Pisco and fine wines.

246
Q

What is the primary climate of Peru’s wine regions?

A

Desert-like, with irrigation from Andean rivers.

247
Q

What distinguishes Torrontés wines from Peru compared to Argentina?

A

Typically sweeter and less aromatic.

248
Q

What are the primary wine-producing countries in South America outside Argentina and Chile?

A

Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

249
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Brazil?

A

Isabel, a hybrid variety.

250
Q

What is the most widely planted vinifera grape in Uruguay?

A

Tannat.

251
Q

What is the primary grape variety used for winemaking in Peru?

A

Quebranta, a Pisco grape.

252
Q

What is the average altitude of vineyards in Bolivia?

A

1,600 to over 3,000 meters above sea level.

253
Q

What is the role of the Atlantic Ocean in Brazilian wine regions?

A

Provides cooling breezes, moderating the warm, humid climate.

254
Q

What is the largest wine-producing region in Brazil?

A

Serra Gaúcha.

255
Q

What is the primary sparkling wine style produced in Brazil?

A

Traditional method sparkling wines made from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

256
Q

What percentage of Uruguay’s total vineyards are planted with Tannat?

A

Approximately 25%.

257
Q

What is the significance of Pisco in Peru?

A

A traditional distilled spirit made from aromatic and non-aromatic grapes.

258
Q

What are the two main wine-producing regions of Brazil?

A

Serra Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco.

259
Q

What is the primary climate of Brazil’s wine regions?

A

Subtropical to tropical, with high humidity.

260
Q

What is a notable producer in Serra Gaúcha?

A

Miolo Wine Group, known for sparkling wines and fine reds.

261
Q

What is the primary style of wines produced in Vale dos Vinhedos DO?

A

Sparkling wines and red blends.

262
Q

What is the role of altitude in Brazilian vineyards?

A

Higher altitudes help mitigate the warm climate and preserve acidity.

263
Q

What is the most important wine style produced in Brazil?

A

Sparkling wine, accounting for a large share of fine wine production.

264
Q

What is the role of the Charmat method in Brazilian sparkling wine production?

A

Produces fresh, fruity sparkling wines in a cost-effective way.

265
Q

What is the primary grape variety for sparkling wines in Brazil?

A

Chardonnay, often blended with Pinot Noir.

266
Q

What is a notable producer of traditional method sparkling wines in Brazil?

A

Casa Valduga.

267
Q

What is the climate influence on sparkling wines from Serra Gaúcha?

A

Cooler temperatures promote high acidity, ideal for sparkling wine production.

268
Q

What distinguishes Vale do São Francisco wines?

A

Tropical wines with two harvests per year due to the region’s warm climate.

269
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Syrah, Moscato, and Cabernet Sauvignon.

270
Q

What is the annual rainfall in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Approximately 400–800 mm, requiring irrigation.

271
Q

What is a notable producer in Vale do São Francisco?

A

Vinícola Rio Sol, known for tropical red and sparkling wines.

272
Q

What distinguishes tropical viticulture in Brazil?

A

Year-round growing seasons and multiple harvests annually.

273
Q

What is the signature grape of Uruguay?

A

Tannat, introduced by Basque immigrants in the 19th century.

274
Q

What percentage of Uruguay’s vineyards are located in Canelones?

A

Over 60%.

275
Q

What is the climate of Uruguay’s wine regions?

A

Maritime, with moderate temperatures and significant rainfall.

276
Q

What is the role of the Río de la Plata in Uruguayan viticulture?

A

Provides cooling breezes that moderate the warm, humid climate.

277
Q

What is the primary soil type in Uruguay?

A

Clay-based soils, ideal for Tannat and other red varieties.

278
Q

What is the typical style of Tannat from Uruguay?

A

Medium- to full-bodied, with dark fruit, earthy notes, and firm tannins.

279
Q

What is the significance of blending Tannat with Merlot in Uruguay?

A

Softens Tannat’s tannins and enhances fruit expression.

280
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Tannat from Uruguay?

A

12.5–14.5%.

281
Q

What is a notable producer in Canelones?

A

Bodega Garzón, known for premium Tannat and Albariño.

282
Q

What is the role of barrel aging in Uruguayan Tannat production?

A

Softens tannins and adds complexity with vanilla and spice notes.

283
Q

What is the second most planted grape variety in Uruguay?

A

Merlot.

284
Q

What is the primary white grape variety in Uruguay?

A

Albariño.

285
Q

What is the typical style of Albariño from Uruguay?

A

Fresh, aromatic, and mineral-driven with citrus and stone fruit notes.

286
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Uruguay compared to other regions?

A

Elegant and peppery, with moderate alcohol and acidity.

287
Q

What is the role of sustainable viticulture in Uruguay?

A

Many producers focus on low-intervention farming to adapt to the humid climate.

288
Q

What is the primary wine-producing region in Bolivia?

A

Tarija.

289
Q

What is the significance of altitude in Bolivian vineyards?

A

Vineyards are among the highest in the world, often exceeding 2,000 meters.

290
Q

What is the primary red grape grown in Bolivia?

A

Muscat of Alexandria, often used for fortified and table wines.

291
Q

What is a notable producer in Bolivia?

A

Campos de Solana, known for high-altitude wines.

292
Q

What distinguishes Syrah from Bolivian vineyards?

A

Concentrated fruit with high acidity due to the cool, high-altitude conditions.

293
Q

What is the primary use of grapes in Peru?

A

Pisco production, with limited fine wine production.

294
Q

What are the most common grapes for Pisco in Peru?

A

Quebranta, Torontel, and Italia.

295
Q

What is a notable wine producer in Peru?

A

Tacama, known for producing both Pisco and fine wines.

296
Q

What is the primary climate of Peru’s wine regions?

A

Desert-like, with irrigation from Andean rivers.

297
Q

What distinguishes Torrontés wines from Peru compared to Argentina?

A

Typically sweeter and less aromatic.

Advanced Sommelier (24 decks)

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