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Advanced Sommelier > Australia > Flashcards

Australia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most widely planted red grape variety in Australia?

A

Shiraz.

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2
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape variety in Australia?

A

Chardonnay.

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3
Q

What are Australia’s three largest wine-producing states?

A

South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria.

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4
Q

What is the labeling law for varietal wines in Australia?

A

At least 85% of the wine must be made from the stated variety.

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5
Q

What is the role of the Great Dividing Range in Australian viticulture?

A

Creates microclimates by influencing rainfall and temperature.

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6
Q

What is the primary export market for Australian wines?

A

China, followed by the United States and the United Kingdom.

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7
Q

What is the significance of the “Bin Number” system on Australian wines?

A

It is a proprietary labeling system often used by producers like Penfolds to identify specific blends or batches.

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8
Q

What is the climate of most of Australia’s wine regions?

A

Mediterranean or warm climate, with cooling influences from oceans and altitude.

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9
Q

What is the primary organization for Australian wine regulation?

A

Wine Australia.

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10
Q

What percentage of Australia’s vineyards are certified sustainable?

A

Over 75%.

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11
Q

What percentage of Australia’s wine production comes from South Australia?

A

Approximately 50%.

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12
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Barossa Valley?

A

Shiraz.

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13
Q

Describe Shiraz from Barossa Valley.

A

Bold, full-bodied wines with ripe black fruit, chocolate, and spice.

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14
Q

What is a notable producer in Barossa Valley?

A

Penfolds, known for its Grange Shiraz.

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15
Q

What is the primary style of Grenache from McLaren Vale?

A

Juicy and fruit-driven with red berry and spice notes.

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16
Q

What is the primary white grape variety of Clare Valley?

A

Riesling.

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17
Q

Describe Riesling from Clare Valley.

A

Dry and high-acid with citrus, lime, and mineral notes.

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18
Q

What is a notable producer in Clare Valley?

A

Grosset, known for its Polish Hill Riesling.

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19
Q

What is the role of elevation in Clare Valley?

A

Higher elevations provide cool nights, preserving acidity in whites.

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20
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Shiraz from Clare Valley?

A

13.5–15%.

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21
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Coonawarra?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

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22
Q

Describe Cabernet Sauvignon from Coonawarra.

A

Medium- to full-bodied with mint, eucalyptus, and cassis flavors.

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23
Q

What is the significance of terra rossa soils in Coonawarra?

A

These red, clay-loam soils over limestone are ideal for premium Cabernet Sauvignon.

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24
Q

What is a notable producer in Coonawarra?

A

Wynns Coonawarra Estate.

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25
Q

What is the climate of Coonawarra?

A

Cool maritime, with significant ocean influence.

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26
Q

What is the primary white grape variety of Hunter Valley?

A

Semillon.

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27
Q

Describe Semillon from Hunter Valley.

A

Low-alcohol, high-acid wines that develop complex toasty, honeyed flavors with age.

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28
Q

What is a notable producer of Semillon in Hunter Valley?

A

Tyrrell’s Wines.

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29
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

10–11.5%.

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30
Q

What is the primary red grape variety of Hunter Valley?

A

Shiraz.

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31
Q

What is the climate of Mudgee?

A

Warm and dry, suitable for bold reds like Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz.

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32
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Orange, New South Wales?

A

Chardonnay.

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33
Q

What is the altitude range of vineyards in Orange?

A

600–1,100 meters, making it one of the coolest regions in New South Wales.

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34
Q

What is a notable sparkling wine producer in Tumbarumba?

A

Courabyra Wines.

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35
Q

What distinguishes Riesling from Canberra District?

A

Elegant and aromatic with floral and lime notes.

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36
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Yarra Valley?

A

Pinot Noir, followed closely by Chardonnay.

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37
Q

What distinguishes Pinot Noir from Yarra Valley?

A

Elegant and medium-bodied with red fruit and earthy undertones.

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38
Q

What is a notable producer in Yarra Valley?

A

De Bortoli, known for its premium Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

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39
Q

What is the role of altitude in Yarra Valley vineyards?

A

Elevations up to 400 meters provide cooler temperatures.

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40
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in Yarra Valley?

A

19–21°C (66–70°F).

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41
Q

What is the primary style of wine from Rutherglen?

A

Fortified Muscat and Topaque.

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42
Q

What grape variety is used for Rutherglen Muscat?

A

Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge.

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43
Q

What distinguishes Pinot Noir from Mornington Peninsula?

A

Light-bodied with bright acidity and red cherry flavors.

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44
Q

What is the primary soil type in Mornington Peninsula?

A

Volcanic and sandy loam.

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45
Q

What is a notable producer in Rutherglen?

A

Campbells Wines.

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46
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Margaret River?

A

Bordeaux-style red blends and Chardonnay.

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47
Q

What distinguishes Cabernet Sauvignon from Margaret River?

A

Medium- to full-bodied with blackcurrant, mint, and fine tannins.

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48
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Chardonnay from Margaret River?

A

13–14.5%.

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49
Q

What is a notable producer in Margaret River?

A

Leeuwin Estate, known for its Art Series Chardonnay.

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50
Q

What is the climate of Margaret River?

A

Mediterranean with significant maritime influence, ensuring consistent ripening.

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51
Q

What is the role of the Australian Geographical Indication (GI) system?

A

Defines wine regions and subregions based on geographical and climatic characteristics.

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52
Q

What is the oldest continuously operating winery in Australia?

A

Yalumba, established in 1849.

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53
Q

What is the role of blending in Australian winemaking?

A

Regions and grape varieties are often blended to create balanced and consistent wines.

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54
Q

What is the significance of GSM blends in Australia?

A

Grenache, Shiraz, and Mourvèdre blends are inspired by Rhône wines but are typically riper and fuller-bodied.

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55
Q

What is the primary export market for Australian Shiraz?

A

The United States.

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56
Q

What is the influence of diurnal range on Australian vineyards?

A

Large temperature swings between day and night help preserve acidity and develop ripe flavors.

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57
Q

What is a “single vineyard” designation in Australian wines?

A

Indicates all grapes are sourced from a specific vineyard, highlighting terroir.

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58
Q

What is the role of screw caps in Australian winemaking?

A

Widely adopted to prevent cork taint and preserve freshness, particularly for white and aromatic wines.

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59
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Australian Shiraz?

A

13.5–15.5%.

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60
Q

What is the significance of fortified wine production in Australia?

A

A historic tradition, particularly in regions like Rutherglen, producing Muscat and Topaque.

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61
Q

What is the average vine age in Barossa Valley?

A

Many vineyards have vines over 100 years old, some dating back to the 19th century.

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62
Q

What distinguishes Grenache from Barossa Valley?

A

Rich and full-bodied with red fruit, spice, and floral notes.

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63
Q

What is a notable producer of old-vine Grenache in Barossa Valley?

A

Cirillo Estate, known for its 1850 Grenache.

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64
Q

What is the role of the Mediterranean climate in McLaren Vale?

A

Warm days and cooling sea breezes create ideal conditions for Shiraz and Grenache.

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65
Q

What is a notable producer in McLaren Vale?

A

d’Arenberg, known for its “Dead Arm” Shiraz.

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66
Q

What is the primary white grape of Adelaide Hills?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

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67
Q

What distinguishes Chardonnay from Adelaide Hills?

A

Cool-climate style with vibrant acidity and citrus-driven flavors.

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68
Q

What is a notable producer in Adelaide Hills?

A

Shaw + Smith, known for Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz.

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69
Q

What is the primary style of Riesling from Eden Valley?

A

Dry and high-acid with lime, floral, and mineral notes.

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70
Q

What is a notable producer in Eden Valley?

A

Henschke, known for its Hill of Grace Shiraz and premium Riesling.

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71
Q

What is the primary focus of wine production in Riverland?

A

High-volume wines, often used for blends and bulk production.

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72
Q

What is the role of sustainability in Riverland viticulture?

A

Many vineyards adopt water conservation and solar energy practices.

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73
Q

What distinguishes Langhorne Creek Shiraz?

A

Soft, approachable wines with red fruit and spice.

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74
Q

What is the primary soil type in Langhorne Creek?

A

Alluvial soils with good drainage.

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75
Q

What is a notable producer in Langhorne Creek?

A

Bremerton Wines, known for Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.

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76
Q

What distinguishes aged Semillon from Hunter Valley?

A

Gains complexity with toasty, honeyed, and nutty flavors while maintaining low alcohol and high acidity.

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77
Q

What is the primary soil type in Hunter Valley?

A

Sandy loam and volcanic soils.

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78
Q

What is the role of vintage variation in Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

Wet vintages can dilute quality, while dry vintages enhance ripeness and acidity.

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79
Q

What is a notable producer of Shiraz in Hunter Valley?

A

Brokenwood, known for its Graveyard Vineyard Shiraz.

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80
Q

What is the typical style of Shiraz from Hunter Valley compared to Barossa?

A

Lighter-bodied with softer tannins and earthy, savory notes.

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81
Q

What grape varieties thrive in Orange due to its altitude?

A

Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Pinot Noir.

82
Q

What is a notable producer in Orange?

A

Philip Shaw Wines, known for elegant cool-climate styles.

83
Q

What is the climate of Canberra District?

A

Cool-climate with significant diurnal variation.

84
Q

What is a notable producer in Canberra District?

A

Clonakilla, known for Shiraz-Viognier blends.

85
Q

What distinguishes Riesling from Canberra District?

A

Bright acidity with lime and floral notes.

86
Q

What is the role of maritime influence in Mornington Peninsula?

A

Cools the vineyards, producing elegant Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

87
Q

What is a notable sparkling wine producer in Yarra Valley?

A

Domaine Chandon Australia.

88
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Yarra Valley?

A

Cool-climate style with black pepper, red fruit, and moderate alcohol.

89
Q

What is the primary soil type in Yarra Valley?

A

Volcanic and sandy loam.

90
Q

What is the significance of low-yield vineyards in Mornington Peninsula?

A

Enhances concentration and complexity in Pinot Noir.

91
Q

What is the primary grape variety for fortified wines in Rutherglen?

A

Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge.

92
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Heathcote?

A

Full-bodied with dark fruit, spice, and fine tannins, influenced by Cambrian soils.

93
Q

What is a notable producer in Rutherglen?

A

All Saints Estate, known for its fortified Muscat.

94
Q

What is the primary style of wines from Heathcote?

A

Bold reds, particularly Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.

95
Q

What is the average growing season temperature in Heathcote?

A

20–25°C (68–77°F).

96
Q

What are the three primary subregions of Great Southern?

A

Mount Barker, Frankland River, and Albany.

97
Q

What distinguishes Riesling from Mount Barker?

A

Crisp and aromatic, with citrus and mineral notes.

98
Q

What is a notable producer in Frankland River?

A

Alkoomi, known for its Shiraz and Riesling.

99
Q

What is the primary style of Chardonnay from Margaret River?

A

Full-bodied with stone fruit, citrus, and balanced oak influence.

100
Q

What is a notable producer of Cabernet Sauvignon in Margaret River?

A

Vasse Felix, known for elegant, age-worthy wines.

101
Q

What is the significance of the Barossa Old Vine Charter?

A

Classifies vineyards based on vine age, with categories such as Old Vine (35+ years), Survivor Vine (70+ years), Centenarian Vine (100+ years), and Ancestor Vine (125+ years).

102
Q

What is Australia’s most expensive and iconic wine?

A

Penfolds Grange, a Shiraz-dominant blend.

103
Q

What is the second most widely planted red grape variety in Australia?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

104
Q

What is the second most widely planted white grape variety in Australia?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

105
Q

What is the significance of the Limestone Coast in South Australia?

A

Known for its cool climate and limestone-rich soils, producing high-quality Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay.

106
Q

What is the role of large-scale irrigation in Riverina, New South Wales?

A

Supports high-yield production of bulk and fortified wines.

107
Q

What is the average annual rainfall in Australian wine regions?

A

200–800 mm, depending on the region, with most relying on irrigation.

108
Q

What is a ‘cool climate’ wine style in Australia?

A

Wines with higher acidity, lower alcohol, and refined fruit character, typical of regions like Tasmania and Yarra Valley.

109
Q

What is the primary role of the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI)?

A

Provides research and support for viticulture and winemaking.

110
Q

What is the typical barrel aging for premium Shiraz in Australia?

A

12–24 months in French or American oak.

111
Q

What is the average alcohol range for GSM blends from Barossa Valley?

A

14.5–15.5%.

112
Q

What is a notable biodynamic producer in McLaren Vale?

A

Yangarra Estate, known for Grenache and Rhône varieties.

113
Q

What is the primary soil type in McLaren Vale?

A

Sandstone and clay loam.

114
Q

What is a unique winemaking technique used in Barossa Valley Shiraz?

A

Basket pressing, which gently extracts juice without excessive tannins.

115
Q

What is a notable producer of organic wines in Barossa Valley?

A

Torbreck Vintners.

116
Q

What grape variety is emerging in Adelaide Hills due to climate change?

A

Pinot Gris.

117
Q

What distinguishes sparkling wines from Adelaide Hills?

A

Crisp, high-acid styles made from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

118
Q

What is the average elevation of vineyards in Eden Valley?

A

400–600 meters above sea level.

119
Q

What is a notable producer of Eden Valley Shiraz?

A

Yalumba, known for its ‘Hand Picked’ Shiraz-Viognier.

120
Q

What is the primary style of Chardonnay from Adelaide Hills?

A

Elegant, with citrus and stone fruit flavors, often lightly oaked.

121
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Coonawarra compared to Barossa Valley?

A

More restrained and spicy, with moderate alcohol and firm tannins.

122
Q

What is the typical aging potential of Cabernet Sauvignon from Coonawarra?

A

10–20 years, depending on the vintage.

123
Q

What is a notable producer in Limestone Coast?

A

Hollick Estates.

124
Q

What is the role of maritime influence in Limestone Coast viticulture?

A

Moderates temperatures, promoting even ripening.

125
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for white wines from Limestone Coast?

A

12.5–14%.

126
Q

What is the typical aging period for premium Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

5–15 years, though it can age longer in top vintages.

127
Q

What is the historical significance of Tyrrell’s Vat 1 Semillon?

A

One of Australia’s most iconic white wines, showcasing the aging potential of Semillon.

128
Q

What is the primary climate challenge in Hunter Valley?

A

High humidity, leading to disease pressure like powdery mildew.

129
Q

What is the role of sandy soils in Hunter Valley vineyards?

A

Enhances drainage, reducing vine vigor and concentrating fruit flavors.

130
Q

What distinguishes Chardonnay from Hunter Valley?

A

Full-bodied with stone fruit, nutty oak influence, and medium acidity.

131
Q

What grape variety thrives in Tumbarumba?

A

Chardonnay, used for both still and sparkling wines.

132
Q

What is the climate of Riverina?

A

Warm and dry, heavily reliant on irrigation.

133
Q

What is the role of botrytis in Riverina Semillon production?

A

Produces dessert wines like De Bortoli’s Noble One.

134
Q

What distinguishes Verdelho from New South Wales?

A

Aromatic, tropical, and slightly off-dry in style.

135
Q

What is a notable producer in Canberra District?

A

Helm Wines, known for its Riesling.

136
Q

What is the primary style of sparkling wines from Yarra Valley?

A

Traditional method, high-acid styles from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

137
Q

What distinguishes Pinot Gris from Mornington Peninsula?

A

Fuller-bodied with stone fruit and a touch of spice.

138
Q

What is a notable biodynamic producer in Yarra Valley?

A

Mount Mary.

139
Q

What is the role of volcanic soils in Yarra Valley Chardonnay?

A

Adds minerality and complexity to the wines.

140
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Yarra Valley compared to Heathcote?

A

More peppery and medium-bodied, with less emphasis on ripe fruit.

141
Q

What is the primary style of fortified wines from Rutherglen?

A

Sweet, high-alcohol Muscat and Topaque.

142
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Heathcote’s Cambrian soils?

A

Rich and earthy, with bold tannins and intense dark fruit.

143
Q

What is the average alcohol range for fortified Muscat from Rutherglen?

A

17–19%.

144
Q

What is a notable fortified wine producer in Rutherglen?

A

Morris Wines.

145
Q

What is the significance of Heathcote for Rhône varieties?

A

Emerging as a top region for Syrah and Grenache.

146
Q

What is the typical blend ratio for Bordeaux-style wines from Margaret River?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon-dominant, often blended with Merlot and Petit Verdot.

147
Q

What distinguishes Chardonnay from Margaret River?

A

Creamy texture with citrus, stone fruit, and subtle oak integration.

148
Q

What is the role of wind in Margaret River vineyards?

A

Reduces disease pressure and promotes even ripening.

149
Q

What is a notable producer of Sauvignon Blanc-Semillon blends in Margaret River?

A

Cape Mentelle.

150
Q

What distinguishes Riesling from Frankland River in Great Southern?

A

High-acid, mineral-driven wines with citrus and floral notes.

151
Q

What is the role of altitude in Australia’s cool-climate regions?

A

High-altitude vineyards (above 400 meters) preserve acidity and extend ripening periods, especially in areas like Adelaide Hills and Orange.

152
Q

What is the primary grape variety used in Australia’s sparkling red wines?

A

Shiraz.

153
Q

What is the significance of Australia’s ‘Clean Skin’ wine market?

A

Wines sold without a label, often as a way for producers to sell surplus wine at lower prices.

154
Q

What is the role of micro-oxygenation in Australian winemaking?

A

Softens tannins and enhances fruit expression, especially in bold reds like Shiraz.

155
Q

What is the primary driver of regional diversity in Australian wine?

A

Differences in altitude, soil types, proximity to oceans, and climate.

156
Q

What is the typical oak treatment for premium Australian Chardonnay?

A

Fermented and aged in French oak, often with lees stirring to enhance texture.

157
Q

What is the oldest family-owned winery in Australia?

A

Yalumba, established in 1849.

158
Q

What is Australia’s largest wine-producing company?

A

Treasury Wine Estates, owner of Penfolds and Wolf Blass.

159
Q

What is the average annual temperature range in South Australia’s wine regions?

A

20–25°C (68–77°F).

160
Q

What is the significance of water management in Australian viticulture?

A

Efficient irrigation practices are essential due to Australia’s dry climate.

161
Q

What is the Barossa Grounds Project?

A

An initiative to map and highlight subregional differences within the Barossa Valley.

162
Q

What is the typical flavor profile of Barossa Valley Shiraz?

A

Ripe black fruit, chocolate, spice, and plush tannins.

163
Q

What is a notable producer of GSM blends in Barossa Valley?

A

Charles Melton.

164
Q

What distinguishes Grenache from McLaren Vale?

A

Concentrated red fruit with earthy and spicy undertones.

165
Q

What is a unique vineyard practice in McLaren Vale?

A

Dry farming, which enhances concentration in grapes.

166
Q

What is the Riesling Trail in Clare Valley?

A

A popular route that highlights top Riesling producers in the region.

167
Q

What is the typical aging potential for Clare Valley Riesling?

A

10–20 years, developing toasty, honeyed notes over time.

168
Q

What is a notable producer of Eden Valley Riesling?

A

Pewsey Vale.

169
Q

What is the role of canopy management in Eden Valley vineyards?

A

Ensures balanced ripening and protects grapes from sunburn in high-altitude conditions.

170
Q

What is the climate influence of Eden Valley compared to Barossa Valley?

A

Cooler temperatures, resulting in fresher, more elegant wines.

171
Q

What is the role of limestone soils in Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Enhances minerality, structure, and acidity.

172
Q

What is a notable sustainable producer in Coonawarra?

A

Majella Wines.

173
Q

What distinguishes Sauvignon Blanc from Limestone Coast?

A

Crisp, high-acid wines with herbaceous and tropical notes.

174
Q

What is the typical harvest period for Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Late March to early April.

175
Q

What is the role of the Southern Ocean in Limestone Coast viticulture?

A

Provides cooling breezes, moderating the warm climate.

176
Q

What is the historical significance of Brokenwood Graveyard Vineyard Shiraz?

A

Considered one of Australia’s benchmark Shiraz wines.

177
Q

What is a key disease challenge in Hunter Valley?

A

Downy mildew due to high humidity.

178
Q

What is the aging potential of Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

10–20 years, with complex flavors developing over time.

179
Q

What is a notable organic producer in Hunter Valley?

A

Tamburlaine Organic Wines.

180
Q

What is the typical residual sugar level in dry Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

Less than 5 g/L.

181
Q

What is the primary grape of Gundagai?

A

Shiraz, often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon.

182
Q

What is the role of altitude in Orange vineyards?

A

Enhances acidity and preserves freshness in white and red wines.

183
Q

What is a notable producer in Riverina?

A

Casella Wines, known for Yellow Tail.

184
Q

What is the average alcohol range for Verdelho from New South Wales?

A

12.5–13.5%.

185
Q

What is the primary use of botrytis-affected grapes in Riverina?

A

Dessert wines, such as Noble One by De Bortoli.

186
Q

What is the primary style of Pinot Gris from Mornington Peninsula?

A

Rich, textural, and often dry with pear and apple notes.

187
Q

What distinguishes Heathcote Shiraz from Barossa Shiraz?

A

Heathcote Shiraz is more structured with earthy and savory notes.

188
Q

What is a notable producer in Mornington Peninsula?

A

Kooyong, known for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

189
Q

What is the role of Cambrian soils in Heathcote?

A

Provides excellent drainage, enhancing concentration in Shiraz.

190
Q

What is the typical alcohol range for Mornington Peninsula Pinot Noir?

A

12.5–14%.

191
Q

What is the average residual sugar level in Rutherglen Muscat?

A

200–300 g/L, making it intensely sweet.

192
Q

What is the typical style of Chardonnay from Yarra Valley?

A

Elegant, cool-climate style with citrus, stone fruit, and subtle oak.

193
Q

What is a notable fortified wine producer in Rutherglen?

A

Stanton & Killeen Wines.

194
Q

What is the aging potential of Yarra Valley Chardonnay?

A

5–10 years for premium examples.

195
Q

What is the typical harvest period for Yarra Valley Pinot Noir?

A

Late February to early March.

196
Q

What is the climate influence of the Indian Ocean on Margaret River vineyards?

A

Reduces temperature extremes, ensuring even ripening.

197
Q

What distinguishes Cabernet Sauvignon from Margaret River compared to Coonawarra?

A

Margaret River Cabernet is softer, with more blackcurrant and herbal notes.

198
Q

What is the primary soil type in Margaret River?

A

Gravelly loam over clay.

199
Q

What is a notable producer of Bordeaux-style blends in Margaret River?

A

Cullen Wines.

200
Q

What distinguishes Shiraz from Frankland River in Great Southern?

A

Cooler-climate style with peppery, red fruit, and floral characteristics.

Advanced Sommelier (24 decks)

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