Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is required for the formation of uroliths?

A
Supersaturation 
Inhibitors of crystal formation 
Precipitation of a nucleus 
Crystal growth or aggregation 
Calculus retention
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2
Q

T/F: crystalluria does not mean urolithiasis

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: crystalluria does mean the urine has been supersaturated

A

True

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4
Q

What clinical signs are associated with urolithiasis ?

A
Dysuria 
Pollakiuria 
Incontience 
Stranguria 
Hematuria
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5
Q

You have a history of dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria..

You think this might be due to a urolith.. what diagnostics might you do to confirm?

A

Bladder palpation

UA and culture

Imaging

  • > radiographs
  • > US
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6
Q

What type of uroliths will usually show up on a radiograph??

A

Struvite

Ca oxalate

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7
Q

What type of uroliths do not show up on radiographs?

A

Urate

Cystine

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8
Q

What are possible therapies for a urothiliais?

A
Diet 
Urohydropulsion 
Cystocospy (with baskets) 
Cystotomy 
Lithotripsy (endoscopy/extracorproal)
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9
Q

What is urohydropropulsion? And what patients would you consider doing this in??

A

You insert a catheter into bladder, position dog so all stones will fall to the ureteral opening of bladder, put pressure onto the bladder and remove catheter.. flushing stones out

Female dogs
Stones < 5-15mm

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10
Q

What are the types of uroliths??

A
Struvite 
Ca oxalate 
Cystine 
Urate 
Silicate 

Mixed/compound

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11
Q

What breeds of dogs are predisposed to struvite stones??

A
Miniature schnauzer 
Shih tzus
Bichons
Miniature poodle 
Cocker spaniel 
Lhasa Apso
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12
Q

Struvite crystals are AKA??

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate

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13
Q

Struvites in cats are usually related to ?

A

Diet

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14
Q

Struvites in dogs are usually associated with??

A

UTI

  • urease producing bacteria
  • urine pH high
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15
Q

T/F: Ca oxalate crystals are usually large and struvite crystals are usually small

A

False

Ca oxalate - small
Struvite - large

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16
Q

What is the therapy for struvite uroliths?

A
Dietary (make urine more acidic) 
Increase water (decrease USG) 

Hills s/d (3months)

Treatment of infection if present

17
Q

What type of urolith to you risk inducing when putting an animal on a preventative diet for struvites?

A

Ca oxalate

18
Q

What breeds are prone to Ca oxalate uroliths?

A
Miniature schnauzer 
Lhaso apso 
Miniature poodle 
Yourkshire terrier 
Shih tsu 
Bichon
19
Q

What are causes of Ca oxlatate uroliths?

A

More common in males

Acidifying diets
Obesity
Hypercalicuria (intestinal, renal , bone)
Breed

20
Q

What is the appearance of a Ca oxalate crystal

A

Spiny
Small
Very radiodense for size

21
Q

What is the therapy for Ca oxalate uroliths?

A

Hypercalcemia treatment

Surgical/lithotripsy/cystoscopy

Prevention

22
Q

How can Ca oxalate uroliths be prevented??

A

Diet plus water

  • hills U/D contains potassium citrate
  • Walthams S/O

Thiazides diuretics -> hydrochlorothiazide
Potassium citrate
Avoid Vit C (acidifying) and Vit D (hyperCa)

23
Q

What breeds are prone to ammonium urate and xanthine uroliths??

A

Dalmatian
Black Russian terrier
English bulldog

24
Q

What disease can lead to ammonium urate/xanthine uroliths?

A
Hepatic dz (PSS, cirrhosis) 
-> decreased uptake of uric acid from haptocytes to form allantoin 

Genetic tubular defects

Acidic urine

25
What drug therapy can result in xanthine stones?
Allopurinol
26
What therapy can be used for urate stones??
Diet - low protein - increased pH (potassium citrate/ bicarb) Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (only for Dalmatians) Supportive care for hepatic dysfunction
27
What breeds are prone to cystine calculi?
Australian cattle dogs Dashunds Newfoundland Bulldogs
28
Cystine calculi are usually treated by alkalinizing urine and low protein diets. But this can put large breed dogs at risk of what?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
29
Calcium phosphate uroliths are usually secondary to??
Primary hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)
30
What type of uroliths result from poor diets that are rick in rice, soybean husks, and devoid of proper protein??
Silica