Fundus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the fundus?

A
Sclera 
Choroid (vascular) 
Tapetum 
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 
Neurosensory retina (rods, cones, and retinal blood vessel)
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2
Q

T/F: lacking pigmented epithelium or the tapetum from the retina can be a normal variation

A

True

Occurs in light blue eyed dogs (husky)

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3
Q

T/F: the optic nerve is myelinated in dogs and cats

A

False

Myelinated in dogs

Absent in cats —> optic disc appears dark, round and small

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4
Q

What are hallmarks of retinal disease?

A
Retinal hemorrhage 
Retinal detachment 
Vascular changes 
Altered tapetal reflectivity 
Altered pigmentation 
Altered optic nerve Head appearance
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5
Q

What are possible causes of retinal hemorrhage?

A
Anemia 
Systemic hypertension 
Hyperviscosity 
Diabetes mellitus 
Chorioretintitis 
Coagulopathy 
Trauma 
Retinal detachment
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6
Q

Where can retinal hemorrhage be localized?

A

Pre- retinal (keel boat)
Within nerve fiber (flame-shaped)
Within retina (dot-blot)
Sub-retinal (diffuse, irregular)

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7
Q

What initial diagnostic work up do you do if you have a patient with retinal hemorrhage?

A

CBC/Chem
PT/PTT
Blood pressure

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8
Q

What are causes of retinal detachment?

A
Retinal degeneration 
Vitreous disease 
Congenital malformation 
Lens luxation 
Neoplasia 
Intraocular inflammation — chorioretintitis 
Trauma 
Vascular disease — hypertension
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9
Q

What is retinal detachment ?

A

Separation of neurosensory retinal from RPE

Remains attached at ONH and oral ciliaris

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10
Q

Bulbous detachment of the retinal is an early sign of __________________ disease in cats

A

Feline hypertensive retinopathy

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11
Q

What is the treatment for bulbous retinal detachment associated with feline hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Antihypertensive therapy —amlodipine

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12
Q

What is retinal dialysis/

A

Compete retinal detachment AND tear

No longer attached at ora ciliaris

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13
Q

Retinal dialysis is a common occurrence with primary vitreous degeneration. What breeds are predisposed ?

A

Shih Tzu
Havanese
Chinese crested

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14
Q

How does the retina appear with retinal dialysis?

A

Tapetum is hyper-reflective because no overlying retina is there to absorbed light and the retinal is folded over the optic nerve

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15
Q

What is the treatment for retinal dialysis?

A

Partial detachments - retinopexy

Complete detachments

  • re-attachment surgery
  • poor visual success rate
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16
Q

Increased tortuously of the vascular retina is associated with ??

A

Hypertension

Hyperviscosity (polycythemia)

17
Q

In what cases can you get increased reflectivity of the tapetum?

A

Retinal thinning

  • degeneration/scarring
  • retinal detachment/tear
18
Q

In what cases can you have decreased reflectivity of the tapetum?

A

Increased retinal thickening

  • folding
  • edema
  • inflitrates
  • effusion
19
Q

What are disorders of retinal degeneration?

A

Progressive retinal atrophy
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome
Feline central retinal degeneration
Drug-associated rental degeneration

20
Q

What is progressive retinal atrophy?

A

Bilateral and symmetrical degeneration

GRADUAL Photoreceptor degeneration — causing night blindness initially then progressing to gradual loss of vision

21
Q

What is the treatment for progressive retinal atrophy?

22
Q

Clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy?

A

Slow/incomplete PLR

Narrowing and loss of retinal blood vessels = attenuation

Tapetal hyper-reflectivity

Optic nerve atrophy

Non-tapetal pigmentary changes

Secondary cataract formation

23
Q

What is sudden aquired rental degeneration syndrome (SARDS)?

A

Bilateral and symmetrical

ACUTE photoreceptor death
-dilated pupils but fundus appears normal

24
Q

SARDS is associated with what signalment?

A

Middle aged/older dogs

Obesity/weight gain

PU/PD/PP
CBC and biochem are suggestive of hyperadrenocortisim but most cases do not have cushings

25
What is feline central rental degeneration?
Initial degeneration confined to ellipical area dorsolateral to ONH
26
Feline central retinal degeneration may be associated with what nutrional deficiency?
Taurine
27
What antibiotic can cause retinal degeneration in cats
Enrofloxacin —- functional defects in ABCG2 allows drug to cross blood-retinal barrier
28
What is chorioretintitis?
Inflammation of the chronic (uvea) and retinal Gray-white ares of edema or cellular infiltrate in the retina Can aslo have retinal detachment, rentinal hemorrhage, vitreous haze, impaired vision, anterior uveitis
29
What work up will you do for chorioretintitis ?
PE CBC/biochem/UA/thoracic rads Serology (fungal and tick titers)
30
Treatment for chorioretintitis?
Address specific causes Anti-microbial Anti-inflammatory — if infectious diseases excluded